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Histopathology > Stains > Flashcards

Stains Flashcards

1
Q

What does Alcian Blue stain?

A

Acid mucins

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2
Q

What does PAS stain?

A 
\+ve for Glycogen
All mucins
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
(Basement membranes)
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3
Q

What does PAS-D stain?

A

-ve for Glycogen
All mucins
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids

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4
Q

With what stains would you demonstrate both acid AND neutral mucins?

A
  • PAS with Alcian blue to demonstrate both acid & neutral mucins.
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5
Q

With what stains would you be able to specifically identify glycogen?

A

PAS and PAS-D together

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6
Q

True or false.

PAS gives you specific sugar type.

A

False.

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7
Q

Name the 4 carbohydrate stains

A
  • Alcian Blue
  • PAS
  • PAS-D
  • Toluidine Blue
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8
Q

What does Toluidine Blue stain?

A
  • Heparin/Histidine in mast cells = red/purple
  • Polysaccharides = purple
  • Nucleus = blue
  • Amyloid = blue but gives red birefringence under polarized light.
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9
Q

Name two metachromatic stains

A

Toluidine Blue and Crystal Violet.

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10
Q

What disease states can Toluidine Blue identify?

A
  • Helps identify anaphylaxis & asthma, inflammatory diseases, parasites & allergies.
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11
Q

What does Congo Red stain?

A

Amyloid.
Normal tissue = red
Amyloid = dark red

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12
Q

What does Crystal Violet stain?

A

Amyloid

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13
Q

What does Sirius Red stain?

A

Amyloid

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14
Q

What does Flavine T stain?

A

Amyloid (but it requires a fluorescent microscope)

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15
Q

What does Miller’s Elastin stain?

A

Elastin (increased amount or decreased amount, normal pattern distribution etc)

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16
Q

Where is elastin found?

A

In blood vessels, respiratory system and in skin.

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17
Q

Is Miller’s Elastin stain polar or non polar?

A

Non-polar (this is why it can stain elastin as elastin is hydrophobic)

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18
Q

What does Orcein stain?

A

Elastin

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19
Q

What does Martius Scarlet Blue (MSB) stain?

A

Fibrin

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20
Q

What is fibrin?

A

Insoluble fibrillary protein, part of inflammatory process.

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21
Q

What does Phosphotungstic Acid Haematoxylin (PTAH) stain?

A

Fibrin

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22
Q

What does Masson Trichrome stain?

A

Fibrin

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23
Q

What does Jones’ Methanamine Silver stain?

A

Collagen type IV (+PAS) in basement membrane

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24
Q

What does Van Gieson stain?

A

Collagen = red
Nuclei = blue/black
Everything else = yellow

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25
Q

What does reticulin stain?

A

Reticular fibres (supporting matrix). Reticular fibres are increased in disease.

26
Q

What does Sudan Black stain?

A

Lipids. Frozen section is required.

27
Q

What does Oil O Red stain?

A

Lipids. Frozen section is required.

28
Q

What conditions are you looking for with lipids stains?

A

Thecoma, lipid storage disorders.

29
Q

Name 12 Extracellular protein stains

A
  1. Congo red
  2. Crystal violet
  3. Sirius Red
  4. Thioflavine T
  5. Miller’s Elastin
  6. Orcein
  7. Martius Scarlet Blue (MSB)
  8. Phosphotungstic Acid Haematoxylin (PTAH)
  9. Masson Trichrome
  10. Jones’ Methenamine Silver
  11. Van Gieson
  12. Reticulin
30
Q

Name the 4 amyloid stains.

A
  • Congo Red
  • Crystal Violet
  • Sirius Red
  • Thioflavine T
31
Q

Name the 2 elastin stains.

A
  • Miller’s Elastin

- Orcein

32
Q

Name the 3 fibrin stains.

A
  • Martius Scarlet Blue (MSB)
  • Phosphotungstic Acid Haematoxylin (PTAH)
  • Masson Trichrome
33
Q

Name the 2 collagen stains.

A
  • Jones’ Methenamine Silver

- Van Gieson

34
Q

Name the 2 lipid stains.

A
  • Sudan Black

- Oil O Red

35
Q

What does Grimelus stain for?

A 
Neuroendocrine granules (endogenous pigment)
- Looking for carcinoid tumours derived from neuroendocrine cells.
36
Q

What does Masson Fontana stain for?

A

Melanin (endogenous pigment).
Stains melanin black.
Now largely replaced by IHC.

37
Q

What does Perls stain for?

A
  • Haemosiderin
  • Iron (endogenous pigment) - May be deposited in damaged tissue.
  • Asbestos bodies (exogenous pigment, technically a fibre, not a pigment).
38
Q

What does Rhodamine stain for?

A

Copper (endogenous pigment). High amounts of copper in Wilson’s disease and Menke’s disease

39
Q

What does Rubeanic Acid stain for?

A

Copper (endogenous pigment)

High amounts of copper in Wilson’s disease and Menke’s disease

40
Q

What does Schmorls stain for?

A 
Bile (endogenous pigment)
Vary in colour:
- Red/brown = bilirubin
- Green = biliverdin
Excessive amounts in some liver or haemolytic diseases.
41
Q

What does asbestos look like under the microscope?

A

Dumbell shaped structure surrounded by macrophages and haemosiderin.

42
Q

What stains heparin red/purple?

A

Toluidine blue

43
Q

What stains histidine red/purple?

A

Toluidine blue

44
Q

What substances are birefringent?

A
  • Amyloid (blue but gives red birefringence with toluidine blue and polarised light)
  • Uric acid crystals.
45
Q

Which stain stains:
Collagen = red
Nuclei = blue/black
Everything else = yellow

A

Van Gieson

46
Q

What is a good stain for reticular fibres?

A

Reticulin

47
Q

What stains neuroendocrine granules?

A

Grimelus

48
Q

Name the 6 pigment stains.

A
  • Grimelus
  • Masson Fontana
  • Perls
  • Rhodamine
  • Rubeanic Acid
  • Schmorls
49
Q

What stain is used for bile?

A

Schmorls

50
Q

What stain is used for copper?

A

Rhodamine and Rubeanic acid

51
Q

Which stain is used for haemosiderin?

A

Perls

52
Q

Which stain is used for iron pigments?

A

Perls

53
Q

Which stain is used for asbestos bodies?

A

Perls

54
Q

Which stain is used for melanin?

A

Masson Fontana

55
Q

Name 5 endogenous pigments.

A
  • Neuroendocrine granules
  • Melanin
  • Iron
  • Copper
  • Bile
56
Q

Name an exogenous pigment

A

Asbestos (technically a fibre)

57
Q

What stain would you use to stain acid mucins?

A

Alcian Blue

58
Q

What stain is positive for glycogen?

A

PAS

59
Q

What stain is negative for glycogen?

A

PAS-D

60
Q

Which amyloid stain requires a fluorescent microscope?

A

Thioflavine T

Histopathology (3 decks)

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