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Histopathology > Staining of Central Nervous Tissues > Flashcards

Staining of Central Nervous Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Composed of organs that will make us respond to changes outside and even inside our bodies

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

The two branches of nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

brain and spinal cord belong to the central nervous system and it’s easy to memorize that they belong to this classification of the nervous system because they are situated at the central part of the body and they play a central or important role in the nervous system

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

whatever is or are attached or are communicating with the brain in the spinal cord will now be classified under the ________________

A

peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

The peripheral nervous system is further divided into

A

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

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6
Q

responsible for the control of the voluntary skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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7
Q

responsible for controlling the function of the smooth muscles the cardiac muscles
and other visceral organs

A

autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system is further divided into:

A

parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

functional and structural unit of the nervous system

A

neuron or nerve cell

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10
Q

other cells in the nervous

system aside from the neurons and these cells are collectively

A

neuroglia

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11
Q

most dilated part of the neurons

A

cell body

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12
Q

the cell body is also known as

A

perikaryon or soma

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13
Q

extending from the neurons are two processes:

A

dendrites and axon

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14
Q

True or False

Neurons taken from the CNS the brain and the spinal cord typically would present with angular or polygonal cell bodies

A

True

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15
Q

True or False

Neurons sampled from the peripheral nervous system would usually have cell bodies that are globular in shape

A

False

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16
Q

The dark basophilic round structure inside the nucleus of our nerve cells

A

Nucleolus

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17
Q

This organelle functions to synthesize ribosomal RNA and this ribosomal RNA will later form complexes with proteins to form the small and large subunits of the ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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18
Q

This organelle is equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum of other cells in the body

A

Nissl body

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19
Q

Nissl bodies would usually take up ________ during the H and E staining

A

hematoxylin

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20
Q

cytoplasm of the neurons would appear ________ under H and E staining

A

basophilic

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21
Q

True or False

Nissl bodies are only found in the soma or the cell body and the dendrites and they are not found in the axons

A

True

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22
Q

These are hair-like structures which could either be microtubule, intermediate filament or microfilament

A

Cytoskeleton

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23
Q

The __________ of neurons can actually form a network within the cell body, dendrites, and the axons of the neurons

A

cytoskeleton

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24
Q

Refers to the network of cytoskeletons composed of microtubules, neurofilaments, and microfilaments,

A

Neurofibrils

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25
Q

Extending from the cell body are the processes which are refer to as ________

A

Dendrites

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26
Q

True or false

Dendrites are long and usually terminate within the vicinity of the cell body

A

False

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27
Q

Carry impulse towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

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28
Q

How many axon are there in one neuron

A

1

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29
Q

True or False

Axons are shorter than dendrites

A

False

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30
Q

What covers the axons?

A

Myelin sheath

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31
Q

Axon would appear lighter than the other processes around the cell body because of _______

A

the lack of Nissl bodies

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32
Q

Not involved in the formation and transmission of nerve impulses. However, it provides support and protection to the neurons

A

Neuroglia or Glial Cells

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33
Q

What are the glial cells in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocyte
Microglia

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34
Q

Cell than forms myelin sheath

A

Oligodendrocytes

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35
Q

Some of its processes are wrapping around capillaries and some in neurons

A

Astrocytes

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36
Q

Main purpose: maintain blood brain barrier.

A

Astrocytes

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37
Q

True or False
Astrocytes will allow chemicals to diffuse out of capillaries, especially if these chemicals have harmful effects to the neurons.

A

False

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38
Q

True or False

Oligodendrocyte is the largest and most abundant of all glial cells

A

False - Astrocyte

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39
Q

These are the phagocytic cells of the CNS. It provide protection to the neuron by encoding microorganisms and other foreign objects

A

Microglial cells

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40
Q

Modified True or False
Every time we are wounded, the fibroblasts present in our connective tissue or dermis will multiply in size and they will start producing collagen.

This collagen fibers will be deposited on the site of injury to facilitate wound repair.

A

Only the second statement is true

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41
Q

The reason behind healing of wounds is the activation of the _________ of the connective tissue of the skin and the deposition of the collagen

A

Fibroblasts

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42
Q

The response of the astrocytes to the presence of injurious agents in the brain

A

Reactive Astrocytosis

43
Q

Reactive Astrocytosis responds to injury by producing a dense network of processes, somewhat analogous to fibrous scar that occurs elsewhere in the body.

A

True

44
Q

I- Oligodendrocytes are responsible for syntheses of myelin in the neurons of the CNS
II- May myelinate one axon or several nearby axons

A

Both statements are true

45
Q

Oligodendrocytes look like erythrocytes

A

True

46
Q

The smallest, elongated cells with short irregular processes and ha as abundant process around their bodies.

A

Microglial Cells

47
Q

Microglial cells are easy to identify under H&E and light microscopy

A

False

48
Q

A layer of cuboidal or columnar cells lining the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

A

Ependymal cells

49
Q

Plexus of cells which produces the CSF and are lined by cuboidal or columnar cells

A

Choroid plexus

50
Q

Defined as the spaces between neuronal and glial cell bodies that is comprised of dendrites, axons, synapses, glial cell processes, and microvasculature

A

Neuropil

51
Q

Early Signs and Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease:

A
  1. Poor Judgement
  2. Memory loss
  3. Confusion with time or place
  4. Changes in the mood
  5. Hard to complete familiar tasks
52
Q

Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  1. Age
  2. Vascular Disease
  3. Head trauma
  4. Environmental
  5. Genetic
  6. Family History
53
Q

The two that are tightly linked to Alzheimer’s disease:

A

Genetics

Family History

54
Q

What does APP stands for?

A

Amyloid Precursor Protein

55
Q

What is the function of the APP?

A

Functions to maintain the stability of the cell membrane of the neurons

56
Q

True or False
People with Alzheimer’s disease the cleavage of APP will not lead to the cleavage of the amyloid portion the problem with uncleaved amyloid, they are sticky that they will form oligomers and these oligomers now will clump together to form the amyloid plaques

A

True

57
Q

True or False

Alzheimer’s Disease
APP > uncleaved amyloid portions > oligomers > amyloid plaque > can destroy the terminal ends of axons

A

True

58
Q

I - Inside the axon you have their bundles or groups of microfilaments.
II- Microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton of neurons these microtubules are responsible for the transport of chemicals from the cell body towards the axon towards the distal ends of the axon

A

Both statements are false

59
Q

True or False

Destruction of the distal ending of axons will cause the tau proteins to become unstable and these tau proteins will detach from the microtubules.

A

True

60
Q

True or False

The detachment of the tau proteins from the microtubule will cause it to disintegrate and the tau proteins will accumulate

A

True

61
Q

Refers to the accumulation of tau proteins; toxic to neurons

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

62
Q

I - Amyloid plaques accumulated intracellularly.

II - Neurofibrillary tangles formed by the tau proteins are found extracellularly

A

Both F

63
Q

Microglia will try to eliminate the amyloid plaques through _________

A

Phagocytosis

64
Q

As a result to the engulfment of amyloid plaques by microglial cells, the microglial cells will release what chemicals?

A

Cytokines

65
Q

True or False

Cytokines cause the death of neurons

A

True

66
Q

In Alzheimer’s disease neurons die because of the three reasons:

A
  1. accumulation of amyloid plaques

2. the formation of neurofibrillary tangles 3. and the release of cytokines from microglial cells

67
Q

I - Bielschowsky’s Technique is good for the demonstration of neurons, axons, neurofibrils, and most especially: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.

II - Recommended fixative: 10% Formol-saline

A

Both True

68
Q

Enumerate the SIRSA Procedure of Bielschowsky’s Technique.

A 
S - sensitized/sensitization 
I - impregnation
R - reduction
S - sodium thiosulfate
A - addition of gold chloride (toning)
69
Q

Reagents used in SENSITIZATION (Bielschowsky’s Technique)

A

Silver Nitrate (@ 37 degrees Celsius)

70
Q

Reagents used in IMPREGNATION (Bielschowsky’s Technique)

A

Ammoniacal silver

71
Q

Reagents used in REDUCTION (Bielschowsky’s Technique)

A

10% Neutral Formalin

72
Q

Purpose of the 5% Sodium thiosulfate

Bielschowsky’s Technique

A

To remove unreduced silver ions because they will not impart color. Removes excess silver.

73
Q

Reagents used in ADDITION (Bielschowsky’s Technique)

A

Gold chloride for toning

74
Q

Neurofibrils, axons and dendrites, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid plaques appear white on a yellow to brown background

A

False - black; not white

75
Q

Similar to Bielchowsky’s technique but differ with regards to how the ammoniacal silver solution is prepare

A

Sevier-Munger Technique

76
Q

In Bielchowsky’s technique, we prepare ammoniacal silver by adding first a few drops of diluted __________ are added to some aqueous silver nitrate
There is formation of ________, Ag2O, which precipitate from the solution as brown precipitates

A

sodium hydroxide

silver oxide

77
Q

The main purpose of adding sodium hydroxide to the aqueous silver nitrate is to precipitate silver in the form of silver oxide, and the color is brown

A

True

78
Q

In the next step, sufficient aqueous ammonia is added to dissolve the brown silver(I) oxide.
A sufficient amount of ammonia is added to the brown silver oxide because excess ammonia will make the solution become alkaline.
If the ammoniacal silver is alkaline, it becomes more effecive

A

Two statements are correct and one is wrong.

79
Q

In general, it is best to initially add ammonia fairly rapidly with constant shaking.

A

True

80
Q

It is always good to continue to a point when a few granules are still not completely dissolved to prevent excess ammonia

A

False - stop

81
Q

Bielchowsky’s Technique Mnemonic: SARSA

Sevier-Munger Technique Mnemonic: SIRSA

A

Both false - SIRSA; SIS

82
Q

What does SIS stands for (Sevier-Munger Technique)?

A

S - sensitization
I - impregnation
S - sodium thiosulfate

83
Q

What happen in the SENSITIZATION (Sevier-Munger Technique)?

A

The nerve fibers are sensitized w/ a 20% silver nitrate solution preheated at 60 degree Celsius

84
Q

What happen in the IMPREGNATION (Sevier-Munger Technique)?

A

impregnation with ammoniacal silver solution mixed formalin.

85
Q

Both impregnation and reduction are performed together in Sevier-Munger Technique

A

True

86
Q

What happen in the SODIUM THIOSULFATE (Sevier-Munger Technique)?

A

5% Sodium thiosulfate is used to remove unreduced silver ions and excess silver metals

87
Q

Ammonium hydroxide = Bielchowsk’y technique.

Sodium hydroxide = Sevier-Munger technique.

A

Both false

88
Q

I - The main reason of adding sodium carbonate and ammonium hydroxide at the latter part of the procedure is to allow the formalin to be added to the ammoniacal silver solution.
II - That’s why in Sevier-Munger technique, impregnation and reduction can be done at the same time, thereby reducing the processing time.

A

Both true

89
Q

In this particular stain, silver is removed from the background of the tissue specimen so the laboratory personnel can identify now neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques from brown-stained background.

A

Bodian’s stain

90
Q

In Bodian’s stain, gold metal will replace the silver on the background.

A

False - copper

91
Q

The brand name of the silver that is used in Bodian’s stain which is a silver proteinate is

A

Protargol

92
Q 
“Prot-“ = proteinate
“-argol” = from the word argirium, which is referring to silver.
A

Protargol

Both true

93
Q

In this procedure, copper metal is added to remove the silver metals from the background or the connective tissue, allowing now a greater differentiation between the nerve fibers, the amyloid plaques and the neurofibrillary tangles from the background or the connective tissue.

A

Bodian’s stain

94
Q

In Bodian’s stain, the silver proteinate the protargol, which is composed of silver and the gold metals, is added into the tissue sample.

A

False - silver and copper

95
Q

In Bodain’s stain, toning is done by the addition of _______

A

Silver chloride

96
Q

I - After the performance of Bodian’s stain, the neurons, the dendrites, the axons, the neurofibrillary tangles, and the amyloid plaques will all have silver color because of the deposition of the silver metals.

II - The background will become unstained.

A

Statement 1 is false (black) and Statement 2 is true

97
Q

I - In some cases, the background can have a color with the aid of counter staining (Bodain’s stain)

II - Aniline violet dye can be used

A

Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false

98
Q

_______ will impart blue color to the background, but the neurons and the neuroglia will still have that black color because of the deposition of the silver metals.

A

Aniline blue

99
Q

I - The cytoplasm of the neurons appears to be dark stained or basophilic because of the presence of abundant Golgi bodies. II - If neurons will have injury, they will lose majority of their organelles including their Nissl bodies

A

False - Nissl Bodies

True

100
Q

Nissl bodies are also known as

A

tigroid bodies

101
Q

The absence of Nissl bodies would indicate ________

A

nerve cell degeneration.

102
Q

Nissl Bodies can be stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin (basophilic structures in the cytoplasm of Nerves) but are best stained with _______, _______, _______, ______

A

Crest fast violet
thionine
toluidine blue
methylene blue.

103
Q

Dissolution of the Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron.

A

Chromatolysis

104
Q

Induced response of the neuron usually triggered by _____, ______, _______, _______

A

axotomy,
ischemia,
toxicity to the cell virus infections.

Histopathology (1 decks)

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