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Cellular Pathology > Staining > Flashcards

Staining Flashcards

1
Q

What is tinctorial staining?

A

Dyes added in turn, each bind to different components and stain a different colour (work like textile dyes)

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2
Q

What is histochemical staining?

A

Stains that utilise specific chemical reactions b/w chemicals and tissue components, resulting in a coloured compound

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3
Q

Perl’s Prussian Blue is an example of tinctorial or histochemical staining?

A

Histochemical

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4
Q

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an example of tinctorial or histochemical staining?

A

Histochemical

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5
Q

Martius Scarlett Blue (MSB) staining is an example of tinctorial or histochemical staining?

A

Tinctorial

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6
Q

Give an example of tinctorial staining

A

Martius Scarlett Blue (MSB)

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7
Q

Give an example of histochemical staining

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue

Periodic Acid Schiff reaction

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8
Q

Why do we stain sections?

A

Tissue processed into wax = fairly colourless
Insufficient refractive index for brightfieqld light microscopy
Insufficient contrast for microscopy

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9
Q

What are the three ways stains colour tissues?

A

Stain-Tissue interactions (electrostatic interactions, vDWs, H bonding, covalent bonding)
Solvent-Solvent interactions (hydrophobic effect)
Stain-Stain interactions (dye molecules attract each other, form aggregates)

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10
Q

Why is stain retained in tissues?

A

Not always

Will only be retained if the stain has a higher affinity for the tissue than the surrounding subsequent solvents

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11
Q

What are the 3 things that can be adjusted to control staining?

A

Rate of reagent uptake
Rate of reaction
Rate of reagent loss

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12
Q

A mordant must be added to haematoxylin before it will stain tissues. Why?

A

Ensure it is sufficiently positively charged to bind to negative tissue components

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13
Q

What are the two main things that need to be done to haematoxylin before it will stain tissues?

A

Oxidised and a mordant added

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14
Q

Haematoxylins are classified according to their mordant. What are the most commonly used?

A

Alum haematoxylins (+iron haematoxylins)

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15
Q

Haemtoxylin staining can be progressive or regressive. What does this mean?

A

Progressive - left on tissue for specific time period until staining is optimal
Regressive - overstrained then differentiated out using acid alcohol followed by a blue-ing step

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16
Q

Eosin is commonly mixed with what to sharpen staining?

A

Weak acetic acid solution

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17
Q

Eosin is differentiated using what?

A

Water

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18
Q

What the advantages of the H&E?

A 
Inexpensive
Readily available reagents
Easy to use
Easy to modify
Easy to automate
Provides good staining of the majority of tissue components
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19
Q

What does haematoxylin stain and what colour?

A

Stains acidic structures purple/blue (eg. cell nuclei, organelles w/ RNA)

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20
Q

What does eosin stain and what colour?

A

Stains basic eosinophilic structures pink/red (inc. cytoplasm, cell walls, extracellular fibres)

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21
Q

What is Congo Red used to stain?

A

Amyloid (β amyloid fibrils)

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22
Q

What is Alcian Blue/PAS used to stain?

A

(Carbohydrates)

Mixed mucins

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23
Q

What is Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) used to stain?

A

(Carbohydrates)
Neutral mucins
Glycogen
Glycoproteins

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24
Q

What is Masson’s Trichrome used to stain?

A

Connective muscle tissue - collagen, fibrin & muscle, nuclei

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25
Q

What is Perl’s Prussian Blue used to stain?

A

Iron

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26
Q

What is Oil Red O used to stain?

A

Triglycerides and lipids

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27
Q

What is Reticulin used to stain?

A

Reticulin fibres

28
Q

What is Alcian Blue used to stain?

A

(Carbohydrates)

Acidic mucins

29
Q

Alcian Blue, PAS and a combination of both can all be used to stain what?

A

Carbohydrates (mucins and glycoproteins)

30
Q

Alcian Blue, PAS and a combination of both can all be used to stain carbohydrates (mucins and glycoproteins). What is a factor that may affect which one is used?

A

Where the section was located/Acidity of the mucins

31
Q

Where may acidic mucins be found and what can be used to stain them?

A

Colon and oesophagus

Alcian Blue

32
Q

Where may neutral mucins be found and what can be used to stain them?

A

Stomach, cervix/vagina, bronchus, prostate

PAS

33
Q

Where may mixed mucins be found and what can be used to stain them?

A

Salivary

Alcian Blue/PAS

34
Q

What is Rhodanine used to stain?

A

Copper

35
Q

What is Orcein used to stain?

A

Copper

36
Q

What is Masson Fontana used to stain?

A

Melanin

37
Q

What is used to stain amyloid?

A

Congo red

38
Q

What is used to stain carbohydrates (acidic mucins)?

A

Alcian blue

39
Q

What is used to stain carbohydrates (neutral mucins)?

A

PAS

40
Q

What is used to stain carbohydrates (mixed mucins)?

A

Alcian Blue/PAS

41
Q

What can be used to stain copper?

A

Rhodanine, Orcein

42
Q

What can be used to stain melanin?

A

Masson Fontana

43
Q

What can be used to stain glycogen?

A

PAS

44
Q

What is Cresyl Violet used to stain?

A

Neuronal tissue

45
Q

What can be used to stain neuronal tissue?

A

Cresyl Violet

46
Q

What can be used to stain reticulin fibres?

A

Reticulin

47
Q

What can be used to stain lipids?

A

Oil red O, Sudan black

48
Q

What can Sudan Black be used to stain?

A

Lipids

49
Q

Congo Red stains amyloid fibres what colour?

A

Red under Brightfieqld light microscopy

Apple green under polarised light

50
Q

What can be used to stain elastic fibres?

A

Miller’s
Verhoeff’s
IHC

51
Q

What can Miller’s stain be used to identify?

A

Elastin/elastic fibres

52
Q

What can Verhoeff’s be used to identify?

A

Elastin/elastic fibres

53
Q

What can be used to stain fibrin?

A

Phosphotungsten acid haematoxylin (PTAH)

Trichrome stains - Masson Trichrome, Martius Scarlett Blue (MSB)

54
Q

Give an example of a trichrome stain

A

Masson trichrome

Martius Scarlett Blue

55
Q

What does phosphotungsten acid haematoxylin (PTAH) stain?

A

Fibrin

56
Q

What colour does phosphotungsten acid haematoxylin (PTAH) stain?

A

Blue - fibrin

Orange - other connective tissue

57
Q

What colour does Masson Trichrome stain?

A

Red - fibrin and muscle
Blue - collagen
Brown/black - nuclei

58
Q

What colour does Martius Scarlett Blue stain?

A

Red - fibrin
Blue - collagen
Yellow - RBCs

59
Q

What does Masson Trichrome stain?

A

Fibrin and muscle (red)
Collagen (blue)
Nuclei (brown/black)

60
Q

What does Martius Scarlett Blue stain?

A

Fibrin (red)
Collagen (blue)
Yellow (RBCs)

61
Q

Describe the principles of trichrome staining

A

Three different stains are added to the section in a particular sequence, dependent on their molecular size/penetration rate

62
Q

Which are some stains that can be used to enhance visualisation of bacteria?

A

Gram stain
Ziehl-Neelson (ZN)
Giemsa

63
Q

Which stain can be used to stain Hepatitis B?

A

Orcein

IHC

64
Q

How are viruses best visualised in CellPath?

A

Electron microscopy

Can used some special stains to visualise viral inclusion but IHC best

65
Q

What are two histologically significant viruses?

A

HSV
HPV
Hep B
CMV

Cellular Pathology (1 decks)

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