Staining Flashcards
1
Q
Process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of cell
A
Staining
2
Q
Process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of cell
A
Staining
3
Q
Process of giving color to the sections using aqueous dye solutions
A
Direct staining
4
Q
Action of dye is intensified by adding another agent or a mordant
A
Indirect staining
5
Q
Serves as a bridge between tissue and the dye to make staining reaction possible
Forms a lake that is usually basic in action
A
Mordant
6
Q
Accelerates the speed of staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity
A
Accentuator
7
Q
- elements are stained in a definite sequence - solutions are applied for a specific period of time
until sufficient color is attained
A
PROGRESSIVE STAINING
8
Q
- tissue is first over stained to obliterate cellular details
- excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of tissue, until the desired intensity of color is obtained
A
REGRESSIVE STAINING
9
Q
- tissues are stained in color shades that are similar
to the color of the dye itself
A
ORTHOCHROMATIC STAINING
10
Q
- staining with a color that is different from that of the
stain itself
A
METACHROMATIC STAINING
11
Q
- alum hematoxylin stains nuclei with red color, which is converted to the familiar blue black when the section is washed in a weak alkali solution
- tap water is usually alkaline enough to produce this color charge, but occasionally alkaline solutions such saturated lithium carbonate, 0.5%% ammonia in distilled water, or Scottβs tap water substitute are necessary
A
BLUEING
12
Q
- process where a specific tissue element is demonstrated by colorless solution of metallic salts which are reduced by the tissues producing an opaque, usually black deposit on the surface of the tissue
- physically precipitate/reduce the product
A
METALLIC IMPREGNATION
13
Q
- stains are not taken up by their tissue targets,
structures of the tissue ___ with stain
A
NEGATIVE STAINING
14
Q
________ - selective staining of living cell constituents
β ________β inject ng dye to the tissue cell/living
cell animal body? eg. Indian ink
β _______ β cells immediately after removal
from the living body eg. neutral red (best vital dye)
A
VITAL STAINING
INTRAVITAL
SUPRAVITAL
15
Q
- application with a different color for contrast and
background
A
COUNTERSTAINING
16
Q
_________ - most valuable staining reagent - extracted from the core (heart) wood of a Mexican tree called Haematoxylon campechianum (nagrripen ang tree during oxidation β expose sa air/artificial ripening agent)
- most widely used
- nuclear stain (nucleus)
β ________ β active coloring agent
A
HEMATOXYLIN
HEMATEIN
17
Q
______- old histologic dye derived from an extract from the female cochineal bug Dactylopius coccus costal Coccus cacti
- eg. Carmine dyes
β ______ β oldest dye (acc. to literature & books)
A
COCHINEAL DYES
IODINE
18
Q
- vegetable dye extracted from lichens
A
ORCEIN
19
Q
- derived from the dried stigmata of Crocus sativus
A
SAFFRON
20
Q
- substances that are capable of producing visible color
A
CHROMOPHORE
21
Q
- simple benzene compounds that contain
chomophores - impart color to the tissue pero di permanent and can be easily removed
A
CHROMOGENS
22
Q
- substances added to chromogen the alters its property
- enables the chromogen to retain its color
A
AUXOCHROME
23
Q
DYE
A
- it should consist of an auxochrome and a
chromophore group attached to a hydrocarbon benzene ring
24
Q
β basic, blue to blue black nucleus color
- ALUMINUM (ALUM) HEMATOXYLIN - either
progressive or regressive
o Ehrlichβs hematoxylin
o Harris hematoxylin
o Delafieldβs hematoxylin
o Coleβs hematoxylin
o Mayerβs hematoxylin
o Gill hematoxylin
A
HEMATOXYLIN
25
β diff. and regressive
o Weigert's hematoxylin
o Heidenhain's hematoxylin
o Loyez hematoxylin
o Verhoeff's hematoxylin
β ___________ β part ng iron
IRON HEMATOXYLIN
hemosiderin
26
o Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin
β -______ β naturally ripen (ineexpose sa air)
TUNGSTEN HEMATOXYLIN
phosphate
27
- study of spermatogenesis
COPPER HEMATOXYLIN
28
β acidic, pink
- most widely used cytoplasmic stain
- best staining with eosin occurs at pH 4.6 to 5
OSIN
29
- simplest method of differential staining of collagen
- βVan Giesonβ
ACID FUCHSIN- PICRIC ACID
30
- most commonly used fluorochrome to
demonstrate DNA and RNA
ACRIDINE ORANGE
31
- stains acid mucopolysaccharides by forming salt linkages with them
ALCIAN BLUE
32
- cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining of epithelial sections
ANILINE BLUE
33
- stains acid fast organism, mitochondria,
differentiation of smooth muscles with the use of picric acid
BASIC FUCHSIN
34
- stains hemoglobin
BENZIDINE
35
- stains Diphtheria organisms
BISMARCK BROWN
36
- use as both decolorizer and a counterstain
MALACHITE GREEN
37
- stain for elastic fibers
ORCEIN
38
- recommended for routine staining of fixed
sections
CELESTINE BLUE
39
- stain for axis cylinders in embryos
CONGO RED
40
- used to stain amyloid in frozen section
CRYSTAL VIOLET
41
- stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes and
glycogen
IODINE
42
demonstration of mitochondria
JANUS GREEN B
43
ROUTINE H&E STAINING FOR PARAFFIN EMBEDDED
SECTIONS PROCEDURE
1. Clear paraffin embedded section in first xylene bath
for 3 mins
2. Transfer to second xylene bath for 2-3 mins
3. Immerse in first bath of absolute ethanol for 2 mins
4. Transfer to a bath of 95% ethanol for 1-2 mins
5. Rinse with running water for 1 min
6. Stain with Harris hematoxylin for 5 mins
7. Wash with running water
8. Decolorize using acid alcohol for 10-30 secs
9. Rinse in tap water
10. Blueing step (ammonia water for 5 mins. or 1% Aq.
lithium carbonate until sections appear blue)
11. Wash with running water for 5 mins
12. Counterstain with 5% Aq. Eosin for 5 mins (Alcoholic
eosin, counterstain for 30 secs. or 1 min.)
13. Dehydrate, clear and mount
β H&E β localizes lesion, provides tissue type
44
SPECIAL STAINS
I. ______________(1)
* PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF
- glycogen
- PAS+ = red/magenta red - nuclei = blue
* BEST CARMINE
- glycogen = bright red granules
- nuclei = grayish blue/blue
- mucin, fibrin = weak red
* LANGHAN'S IODINE METHOD FOR GLYCOGEN
- glycogen = mahogany brown
- tissue constituents = yellow
* ALCIAN BLUE
- acid mucin = blue
- nuclei = red
* METACHROMATIC TOLUIDINE BLUE
- glycosaminoglycans = red purple
- tissue background = blue
* FLUORESCENT ACRIDINE ORANGE
- acid mucopolysaccharide = black
- fungi = greenish red fluorescence
- background = reddish orange fluorescent
* HALE'S DIALYZED IRONE
- acid mucin dark blue,
nuclei= blue
CARBOHYDRATES
45
SPECIAL STAINS
II. __________
* SUDAN IV
- TAG
- lipids = red
- nuclei = blue black
* OIL RED O
- dextrin
- fats = brilliant red
- nuclei = blue
* OSMIC ACID STAIN
- fats = black
- nuclei = yellow orange
FATS/LIPIDS
46
SPECIAL STAINS
III. ___________
* FEULGEN TECHNIQUE
- DNA = red purple
- Cytoplasm = green
* METHYL GREEN
- DNA = green/blue green
- RNA = rose red
* ACRIDINE ORANGE FLUORESCENT
- DNA = yellow green fluorescent
- RNA = brick to orange red
NUCLEIC ACID
47
SPECIAL STAINS
IV. ____________
* ALKALINE FAST
- method for basic proteins
- histones and protamine
- green method
* PERACETIC ACID
- cystine, cysteine = blue green
* SAKAGUCHI'S TEST
- arginine = orange red
PROTEINS
48
SPECIAL STAINS
V. _____________
* GOMORI CALCIUM
- ALP (alkaline phosphatase) = brownish black
- nuclei = green
* GOMORI LEAD
- ACP = black
- nuclei = green
* LEAD METHOD
- 5' nucleotidase = blackish brown deposits
* Ξ-ΞΞΞ‘ΞΞ€ΞYL ACETATE
- esterase = reddish brown
- nuclei = green
* INDOXYL ACETATE
- esterase activity = blue
- nuclei = red
* TETRAZOLIUM
- monoamine oxidase = bluish black
ENZYMES
49
SPECIAL STAINS
VI. _____________
* GOMORI'S SILVER IMPREGNATION
- reticulin fiber = black
* VAN GIESON'S
- collagen = pink/deep red
- nuclei = brownish black
* MASSON'S TRICHROME STAIN
- muscle, RBC, keratin = red
- nuclei = blue/black
* WEIGERT'S
- elastic fibers = dark blue or blue black on clear background
* VERHOEFF'S
- elastic fibers = black
- nuclei = gray to black
* ORCEIN
- elastic fiber = dark brown
- nuclei= blue
* KAJIAN'S TECHNIQUE
- βcongo redβ
- elastic fiber = bright red
- fibrin, CT = dark blue
- RBC = orange yellow
* PTAH STAIN (phosphotungstic)
- βMalloryβ
- fibrin, neuroglia, muscle striation, amoeba = dark
blue
* METHYL VIOLET-CRYSTAL VIOLET
- amyloid = purplish red
- nuclei, cytoplasm, CT = shades of violet
* KRAJIAN AMYLOID STAIN
- amyloid = red on clear background
- nuclei = blue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
50
SPECIAL STAINS
VII. ______________
* BIELSCHOWSKY'S TECHNIQUE
- neurofibril, axon, dendrites = black/grayish bg
* SEVIER-MUNGER
- neural tissues
* CRESYL-FAST VIOLET
- paraffin sections
* LUXOL FAST BLUE-H&E STAIN
- myelin = blue green
* LUXOL FAST BLUE-PAS STAIN
- myelin = blue/green
* WEIL'S METHOD
- myelin sheath = black
- background=yellow
* CAJAL'S GOLD SUBLIMATE
- astrocytes = black on a light brownish bg
* WEIGERT-PAL
- normal myelin sheath = blue black
- cells = brown
* KLUVER AND BARRERS LUXOL FAST BLUE - myelin with Nissl counter
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
51
SPECIAL STAINS
VIII. ______________
* PERL'S PRUSAN BLUE
- hemosiderin and ferric salts
* SCHMORI'S FERRIC-FERRICYANIDE
- reducing substances
* MALLORY'S FUCHSIN STAIN
- hemofuscin pigment
* MASSON-FONTANA
- melanin and argentaffin cell's granule
* VON KOSSA'S SILVER NITRATE
- calcium
* LINQUIST'S MOD. RHODANINE
- copper
* CALCIUM DYE LAKE
- calcium salts = intense reddish orange
* MOD. FOUCHET'S TECHNIQUE
- liver bile pigments = emerald to blue green
* GOMORI'S ALDEHYDE FUCHSIN
- lipofuscin = purple
TISSUE PIGMENTS AND DEPOSITS
52
SPECIAL STAINS
IX. ________________
* WADE-FITE
- leprosy bacilli and nocardia
* TOLUIDINE BLUE
- helicobacter = dark blue
- pylori
* DIETERLE
- legionella pneumophila
* LEVADITI'S MTD.
- spirochetes
* WARTHIN-STARRY
- spirochetes
- pinakafeburit
* MOD. STEINER AND STEINER
- spirochetes
* GROCOTT METHENAMINE SILVER
- fungi = black
* RAPID GIEMSA STAIN
- bacteria = blue
* ZIEHL-NEELSEN MTD.
- AFB = red
- cells, nuclei = blue
- RBC = pink
MICROORGANISMS
