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Histopath Finals 💜 > Staining > Flashcards

Staining Flashcards

1
Q

Process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of cell

A

Staining

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2
Q

Process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of cell

A

Staining

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3
Q

Process of giving color to the sections using aqueous dye solutions

A

Direct staining

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4
Q

Action of dye is intensified by adding another agent or a mordant

A

Indirect staining

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5
Q

Serves as a bridge between tissue and the dye to make staining reaction possible

Forms a lake that is usually basic in action

A

Mordant

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6
Q

Accelerates the speed of staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity

A

Accentuator

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7
Q
  • elements are stained in a definite sequence - solutions are applied for a specific period of time
    until sufficient color is attained
A

PROGRESSIVE STAINING

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8
Q
  • tissue is first over stained to obliterate cellular details
  • excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of tissue, until the desired intensity of color is obtained
A

REGRESSIVE STAINING

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9
Q
  • tissues are stained in color shades that are similar
    to the color of the dye itself
A

ORTHOCHROMATIC STAINING

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10
Q
  • staining with a color that is different from that of the
    stain itself
A

METACHROMATIC STAINING

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11
Q
  • alum hematoxylin stains nuclei with red color, which is converted to the familiar blue black when the section is washed in a weak alkali solution
  • tap water is usually alkaline enough to produce this color charge, but occasionally alkaline solutions such saturated lithium carbonate, 0.5%% ammonia in distilled water, or Scott’s tap water substitute are necessary
A

BLUEING

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12
Q
  • process where a specific tissue element is demonstrated by colorless solution of metallic salts which are reduced by the tissues producing an opaque, usually black deposit on the surface of the tissue
  • physically precipitate/reduce the product
A

METALLIC IMPREGNATION

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13
Q
  • stains are not taken up by their tissue targets,
    structures of the tissue ___ with stain
A

NEGATIVE STAINING

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14
Q

________ - selective staining of living cell constituents

❖ ________– inject ng dye to the tissue cell/living
cell animal body? eg. Indian ink
❖ _______ – cells immediately after removal
from the living body eg. neutral red (best vital dye)

A

VITAL STAINING

INTRAVITAL

SUPRAVITAL

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15
Q
  • application with a different color for contrast and
    background
A

COUNTERSTAINING

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16
Q

_________ - most valuable staining reagent - extracted from the core (heart) wood of a Mexican tree called Haematoxylon campechianum (nagrripen ang tree during oxidation – expose sa air/artificial ripening agent)
- most widely used
- nuclear stain (nucleus)

❖ ________ – active coloring agent

A

HEMATOXYLIN

HEMATEIN

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17
Q

______- old histologic dye derived from an extract from the female cochineal bug Dactylopius coccus costal Coccus cacti
- eg. Carmine dyes
❖ ______ – oldest dye (acc. to literature & books)

A

COCHINEAL DYES

IODINE

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18
Q
  • vegetable dye extracted from lichens
A

ORCEIN

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19
Q
  • derived from the dried stigmata of Crocus sativus
A

SAFFRON

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20
Q
  • substances that are capable of producing visible color
A

CHROMOPHORE

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21
Q
  • simple benzene compounds that contain
    chomophores
  • impart color to the tissue pero di permanent and can be easily removed
A

CHROMOGENS

22
Q
  • substances added to chromogen the alters its property
  • enables the chromogen to retain its color
A

AUXOCHROME

23
Q

DYE

A
  • it should consist of an auxochrome and a
    chromophore group attached to a hydrocarbon benzene ring
24
Q

– basic, blue to blue black nucleus color

  • ALUMINUM (ALUM) HEMATOXYLIN - either
    progressive or regressive
    o Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
    o Harris hematoxylin
    o Delafield’s hematoxylin
    o Cole’s hematoxylin
    o Mayer’s hematoxylin
    o Gill hematoxylin
A

HEMATOXYLIN

25
Q

– diff. and regressive
o Weigert’s hematoxylin
o Heidenhain’s hematoxylin
o Loyez hematoxylin
o Verhoeff’s hematoxylin
❖ ___________ – part ng iron

A

IRON HEMATOXYLIN

hemosiderin

26
Q

o Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin
❖ -______ – naturally ripen (ineexpose sa air)

A

TUNGSTEN HEMATOXYLIN

phosphate

27
Q
  • study of spermatogenesis
A

COPPER HEMATOXYLIN

28
Q

– acidic, pink
- most widely used cytoplasmic stain
- best staining with eosin occurs at pH 4.6 to 5

A

OSIN

29
Q
  • simplest method of differential staining of collagen
  • “Van Gieson”
A

ACID FUCHSIN- PICRIC ACID

30
Q
  • most commonly used fluorochrome to
    demonstrate DNA and RNA
A

ACRIDINE ORANGE

31
Q
  • stains acid mucopolysaccharides by forming salt linkages with them
A

ALCIAN BLUE

32
Q
  • cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining of epithelial sections
A

ANILINE BLUE

33
Q
  • stains acid fast organism, mitochondria,
    differentiation of smooth muscles with the use of picric acid
A

BASIC FUCHSIN

34
Q
  • stains hemoglobin
A

BENZIDINE

35
Q
  • stains Diphtheria organisms
A

BISMARCK BROWN

36
Q
  • use as both decolorizer and a counterstain
A

MALACHITE GREEN

37
Q
  • stain for elastic fibers
A

ORCEIN

38
Q
  • recommended for routine staining of fixed
    sections
A

CELESTINE BLUE

39
Q
  • stain for axis cylinders in embryos
A

CONGO RED

40
Q
  • used to stain amyloid in frozen section
A

CRYSTAL VIOLET

41
Q
  • stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes and
    glycogen
A

IODINE

42
Q

demonstration of mitochondria

A

JANUS GREEN B

43
Q

ROUTINE H&E STAINING FOR PARAFFIN EMBEDDED
SECTIONS PROCEDURE
1. Clear paraffin embedded section in first xylene bath
for 3 mins
2. Transfer to second xylene bath for 2-3 mins
3. Immerse in first bath of absolute ethanol for 2 mins
4. Transfer to a bath of 95% ethanol for 1-2 mins
5. Rinse with running water for 1 min
6. Stain with Harris hematoxylin for 5 mins
7. Wash with running water
8. Decolorize using acid alcohol for 10-30 secs
9. Rinse in tap water
10. Blueing step (ammonia water for 5 mins. or 1% Aq.
lithium carbonate until sections appear blue)
11. Wash with running water for 5 mins
12. Counterstain with 5% Aq. Eosin for 5 mins (Alcoholic
eosin, counterstain for 30 secs. or 1 min.)
13. Dehydrate, clear and mount
❖ H&E – localizes lesion, provides tissue type

A
44
Q

SPECIAL STAINS
I. ______________(1)
* PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF
- glycogen
- PAS+ = red/magenta red - nuclei = blue

  • BEST CARMINE
  • glycogen = bright red granules
  • nuclei = grayish blue/blue
  • mucin, fibrin = weak red
  • LANGHAN’S IODINE METHOD FOR GLYCOGEN
  • glycogen = mahogany brown
  • tissue constituents = yellow
  • ALCIAN BLUE
  • acid mucin = blue
  • nuclei = red
  • METACHROMATIC TOLUIDINE BLUE
  • glycosaminoglycans = red purple
  • tissue background = blue
  • FLUORESCENT ACRIDINE ORANGE
  • acid mucopolysaccharide = black
  • fungi = greenish red fluorescence
  • background = reddish orange fluorescent
  • HALE’S DIALYZED IRONE
  • acid mucin dark blue,
    nuclei= blue
A

CARBOHYDRATES

45
Q

SPECIAL STAINS
II. __________
* SUDAN IV
- TAG
- lipids = red
- nuclei = blue black

  • OIL RED O
  • dextrin
  • fats = brilliant red
  • nuclei = blue
  • OSMIC ACID STAIN
  • fats = black
  • nuclei = yellow orange
A

FATS/LIPIDS

46
Q

SPECIAL STAINS
III. ___________
* FEULGEN TECHNIQUE
- DNA = red purple
- Cytoplasm = green

  • METHYL GREEN
  • DNA = green/blue green
  • RNA = rose red
  • ACRIDINE ORANGE FLUORESCENT
  • DNA = yellow green fluorescent
  • RNA = brick to orange red
A

NUCLEIC ACID

47
Q

SPECIAL STAINS
IV. ____________
* ALKALINE FAST
- method for basic proteins
- histones and protamine
- green method

  • PERACETIC ACID
  • cystine, cysteine = blue green
  • SAKAGUCHI’S TEST
  • arginine = orange red
A

PROTEINS

48
Q

SPECIAL STAINS
V. _____________
* GOMORI CALCIUM
- ALP (alkaline phosphatase) = brownish black
- nuclei = green

  • GOMORI LEAD
  • ACP = black
  • nuclei = green
  • LEAD METHOD
  • 5’ nucleotidase = blackish brown deposits
  • Α-ΝΑΡΗΤΗYL ACETATE
  • esterase = reddish brown
  • nuclei = green
  • INDOXYL ACETATE
  • esterase activity = blue
  • nuclei = red
  • TETRAZOLIUM
  • monoamine oxidase = bluish black
A

ENZYMES

49
Q

SPECIAL STAINS
VI. _____________
* GOMORI’S SILVER IMPREGNATION
- reticulin fiber = black
* VAN GIESON’S
- collagen = pink/deep red
- nuclei = brownish black

  • MASSON’S TRICHROME STAIN
  • muscle, RBC, keratin = red
  • nuclei = blue/black
  • WEIGERT’S
  • elastic fibers = dark blue or blue black on clear background
  • VERHOEFF’S
  • elastic fibers = black
  • nuclei = gray to black
  • ORCEIN
  • elastic fiber = dark brown
  • nuclei= blue
  • KAJIAN’S TECHNIQUE
  • “congo red”
  • elastic fiber = bright red
  • fibrin, CT = dark blue
  • RBC = orange yellow
  • PTAH STAIN (phosphotungstic)
  • “Mallory”
  • fibrin, neuroglia, muscle striation, amoeba = dark
    blue
  • METHYL VIOLET-CRYSTAL VIOLET
  • amyloid = purplish red
  • nuclei, cytoplasm, CT = shades of violet
  • KRAJIAN AMYLOID STAIN
  • amyloid = red on clear background
  • nuclei = blue
A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

50
Q

SPECIAL STAINS
VII. ______________

  • BIELSCHOWSKY’S TECHNIQUE
  • neurofibril, axon, dendrites = black/grayish bg
  • SEVIER-MUNGER
  • neural tissues
  • CRESYL-FAST VIOLET
  • paraffin sections
  • LUXOL FAST BLUE-H&E STAIN
  • myelin = blue green
  • LUXOL FAST BLUE-PAS STAIN
  • myelin = blue/green
  • WEIL’S METHOD
  • myelin sheath = black
  • background=yellow
  • CAJAL’S GOLD SUBLIMATE
  • astrocytes = black on a light brownish bg
  • WEIGERT-PAL
  • normal myelin sheath = blue black
  • cells = brown
  • KLUVER AND BARRERS LUXOL FAST BLUE - myelin with Nissl counter
A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

51
Q

SPECIAL STAINS
VIII. ______________

  • PERL’S PRUSAN BLUE
  • hemosiderin and ferric salts
  • SCHMORI’S FERRIC-FERRICYANIDE
  • reducing substances
  • MALLORY’S FUCHSIN STAIN
  • hemofuscin pigment
  • MASSON-FONTANA
  • melanin and argentaffin cell’s granule
  • VON KOSSA’S SILVER NITRATE
  • calcium
  • LINQUIST’S MOD. RHODANINE
  • copper
  • CALCIUM DYE LAKE
  • calcium salts = intense reddish orange
  • MOD. FOUCHET’S TECHNIQUE
  • liver bile pigments = emerald to blue green
  • GOMORI’S ALDEHYDE FUCHSIN
  • lipofuscin = purple
A

TISSUE PIGMENTS AND DEPOSITS

52
Q

SPECIAL STAINS

IX. ________________

  • WADE-FITE
  • leprosy bacilli and nocardia
  • TOLUIDINE BLUE
  • helicobacter = dark blue
  • pylori
  • DIETERLE
  • legionella pneumophila
  • LEVADITI’S MTD.
  • spirochetes
  • WARTHIN-STARRY
  • spirochetes
  • pinakafeburit
  • MOD. STEINER AND STEINER
  • spirochetes
  • GROCOTT METHENAMINE SILVER
  • fungi = black
  • RAPID GIEMSA STAIN
  • bacteria = blue
  • ZIEHL-NEELSEN MTD.
  • AFB = red
  • cells, nuclei = blue
  • RBC = pink
A

MICROORGANISMS

Histopath Finals 💜 (1 decks)

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