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HTP > STAINING > Flashcards

STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the ______and physical characteristics of the cells.

A

STAINING ; architectural pattern of the tissue

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2
Q

is the primary diagnostic stain used in histology and histopathology.

A

H&E

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3
Q

This component stains cell nuclei blue/black with good intranuclear detail

A

HEMATOXYLIN

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4
Q

This component stains cell cytoplasm & most connective tissue fibers in varying shades & intensities of pink, orange & red.

A

EOSIN

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5
Q

BASIC DYE

A

HEMATOXYLIN

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6
Q

ACIDIC DYE

A

EOSIN

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7
Q

STAINS NUCLEUS

A

HEMATOXYLIN

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8
Q

STAINS CYTOPLASM AN EXTRACELLULAR FUBER

A

EOSIN

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9
Q

A natural substance which is obtained from the heartwood of the logwood tree

A

Hematoxylin campechianum.

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10
Q

The hematoxylin powder is crystallized out of solution. This powder is not readily ____

A

water soluble.

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11
Q

Hematoxylin does not contain _____(the part of the dye molecule essential for color) and would therefore be better described as potential dye rather than a true dye.

A

chromophore

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12
Q

active coloring agent is

A

hematin

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13
Q

oxidation of hematoxylin, a process known as___

A

ripening.

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14
Q

oxidizing hematoxylin (natural ripening) which may take as long as___

A

3-4 months.

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15
Q

most commonly used oxidizing agent.

A

SODIUM IODATE

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16
Q

The chemical oxidation converts the dye almost instantaneously but the product does not have ____

A

a shelf life.

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17
Q

Uses ___to demonstrate nuclear and cytoplasmic structures

A

mordants

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18
Q

Aluminum-salt lakes are usually

A

colored blue

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19
Q

ferric salt lakes are

A

colored blue-black.

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20
Q

A natural process wherein there is an exposure of the substance to air and sunlight for about 3-4 months.

A

NATURAL OXIDATION

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21
Q

To speed up the natural process of oxidation, we used sodium iodate or mercuric oxide.

A

CHEMICAL OXIDATION

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22
Q

NATURALLY RIPENED HEMATOXYLINS

A

Ehrich’s hematoxylin
Delafield’s hematoxylin

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23
Q

CHEMICALLY RIPENED HEMATOXYLIN

A

Sodium iodate in Mayer’s hematoxylin (SIM)
Mercuric chloride in Harris’ hematoxylin (MCh)

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24
Q

Hematin with mordant such as _____ forms a lake which functions as cationic dye and stains anionic tissue components.

A

ammonium or potassium alum

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25
Q

Hematin in ___solution can be acidic or an alkaline dye depending on pH.

A

aqueous

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26
Q

An acidic dye that is negatively charged and stains basic structures in color red or pink

A

EOSIN

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27
Q

Commonly used as a background stain

A

EOSIN

28
Q

A red acid dye with three forms:

A

YELLOWISH
BLUISH
ETHYL EOSIN

29
Q

Process whereby tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence, and the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained.

A

PROGRESSIVE STAINING

30
Q

With this technique, the tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular details.

A

REGRESSIVE STAINING

31
Q

Is the microscopically controlled removal of stain from certain tissue components in order that specific tissue components are demonstrated.

A

DIFFERENTIATION (DECOLORIZATION)

32
Q

A selective removal of stain - accomplished with the use of

A

acid alcohol, ethyl alcohol, diluent, or the mordant

33
Q

After over-staining the section with alum hematoxylin, differentiation is carried out using ___

A

dilute HCl in 70% alcohol.

34
Q

Process of restoring the hydroxyl ions loss during the process of acid differentiation (removes the lake giving the tissue a red color).

A

BLUEING

35
Q

Most commonly used “blueing” agents

A

1% lithium carbonate
dilute ammonium hydroxide
Scott’s tap water substitute

36
Q

Less commonly used are ___

A

potassium acetate
sodium acetate
0.2%-0.5% bicarbonate solutions.

37
Q

remove the wax from the section

A

Dewaxing/Deparaffinization

38
Q

sections to water”

A

hydration

39
Q

Haematoxylin solution (Harris or Mayer’s)

minutes?

A

5 min

40
Q

Differentiation
Tap water
1% acid alcohol
Tap water

A
  • 6 dips
  • 5-10 min
  • 6 dips
41
Q

a process where we stain a color of dye contrasting the principal stain, making the stain structure easily visible using a microscope or it used to color and contrast those colors that were retained during the first staining.

A

Counter (Cytoplasmic) Staining

42
Q

Primary (nuclear) stain - Hematoxylin for __ Then counterstain - Eosin solution for ___

A

5 mins 3 mins.

43
Q

Dehydration
95% alcohol 1
95% alcohol 2
100% alcohol 1
100% alcohol 2

A

all 1 min

44
Q

Hydration process uses a ____concentration of alcohol while the dehydration process uses an____ concentration of alcohol.

A

descending . ascending

45
Q

Calcium and calcified bone

A

Purplish blue

46
Q

Cartilage matrix and mucin

A

May appear blue with some Alum hematoxylin stain

47
Q

Karyosome

A

Dark purple

48
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Deep pink; may have an orange hue due to their natural color

49
Q

Collagen and osteoid tissue

A

light pink

50
Q

3 major groups of staining

A

HISTOLOGICAL
HISTOCHEMICSL
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL

51
Q

METHODS OF STAINING

A

DIRECT’
INDIRECT
METALLIC IMPREGNATION
VITAL STAINING
INTRAVITAL
SUPRAVITAL

52
Q

Process whereby the tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution, producing coloration of the active tissue component.

A

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING (MICROANATOMICAL STAINING)

53
Q

Various constituents of tissues are studied through chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance.

A

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING (HISTOCHEMISTRY

54
Q

A combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated under the microscope, using a wide range of polyclonal or monoclonal fluorescent labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies.

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING

55
Q

A combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated under the microscope, using a wide range of _____ OR ___

A

polyclonal or monoclonal fluorescent labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies.

56
Q

A process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solution.

A

DIRECT

57
Q

A process whereby the action of the dye is intensified by adding another agent; either mordant or accentuator.

A

INDIRECT

57
Q

It merely accelerates or hastens the speed of the staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye.

A

ACCENTUATOR

58
Q

Is a process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts which are thereby reduced by the tissue, producing an opaque usually black deposit on the surface of the tissue or bacteria.

A

METALLIC IMPREGNATION

59
Q

Most commonly used agent for impregnation which can also function as staining agent.

A

Gold (Gold Chloride) and Silver Nitrate

60
Q

Is reduced by argentaffin cells (in melanin and intestinal glands) that form black deposits seen under the microscope.

A

Ammoniacal Silver

61
Q

Selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structure by phagocytosis of the dye particle (cytoplasmic phagocytosis).

A

VITAL STAINING

62
Q

Staining of living cells is done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body (either intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous), producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticulo-endothelial system.

A

INTRAVITAL STAINING

63
Q

Used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body.

A

SUPRAVITAL STAINING

64
Q

Recommended for mitochondria = STAIN

A

JANUS GREEN

65
Q

Why do we need to place the tissue slide in hot plate before staining?

A

Before staining, the tissue slides must be kept at 65 degrees Celsius on a hot plate for 20 minutes in order to remove all paraffin wax.

66
Q

H&E PROCEDURE

A

DEWAXING
HYDRATION
PRIMARY STAINING
DIFFERENTIATION
BLUEING
DISTILLED WATER
COUNTER STAINING
TEMPORARY MOUNTING
DEHYDRATION
CLEARING
MOUNTING AND COVER SLIPPING
EXAMINE

HTP (2 decks)

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