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Cell Biology > Stages Of Cell Division > Flashcards

Stages Of Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

Which 4 events must occur for cell division

A

Reproductive signals, replication of DNA, Segregation, Cytokinesis

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2
Q

What is the cells top priority

A

Protecting the DNA

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3
Q

How does most cancer treatment work

A

By inhibiting the cell cycle, work by exploiting the cells need to protect DNA. Interfering with the cell cycle can lead to apoptosis.

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4
Q

What is binary fission

A

Replication of DNA in most prokaryotes

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5
Q

Describe the DNA inside a prokaryotic cell.

A

One molecule of DNA and it is usually circular

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6
Q

What is the Ori region

A

Region where replication starts

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7
Q

What is the ter region

A

Region where replication ends

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8
Q

What does the karyotype mean

A

Number and appearance of chromosomes.

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9
Q

What is the cell cycle divided into

A

Mitosis, cytokinesis, interphase

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10
Q

What happens during interphase

A

Cell nucleus is visible, DNA replication occurs,

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11
Q

When does interphase start

A

After mitosis ends

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12
Q

Define sister chromatids

A

Newly replicated chromosomes which are closely associated

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13
Q

What is the structure lf the chromosomes in G1

A

Single unreplicated structures

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14
Q

What happens to the chromosomes during S phase

A

DNA Replicates

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15
Q

What happens during G2

A

Cell prepares for Mitosis

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16
Q

What happens during M Phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis happens

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17
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint do

A

Checks DNA for damage

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18
Q

What does the S checkpoint do

A

Checks maturation of DNA complex

19
Q

What does the G2 M checkpoint do

A

Checks DNA damage and cell size

20
Q

What does M checkpoint do

A

Checks chromosomes are correctly aligned during metaphase

21
Q

Which molecule acts as a cell cycle checkpoint and in which regulates the cell cycle

A

Cyclin CDK

22
Q

If DNA is damaged during G1 what happens

A

P21 is made which binds to CDK preventing the activation. The cell stops whilst DNA is repaired

23
Q

What does defective P53 result in

A

Problems with tumour suppressor gene resulting in the absence of cell control

24
Q

How does phosphorylation affect a protein function.

A

Changes the shape and function by changing its electrical charge.

25
Q

How is a CDK activated

A

By binding to cyclin this alters the shape and exposes its active site

26
Q

Explain why CDK is always present but not always has an exposed active site

A

Because cyclin is only made at a certain point

27
Q

Which molecule promotes the progression of G1 to S

A

Cyclin D-CDK4

28
Q

Which molecule commits cell to s phase

A

Cyclin E-CDK2

29
Q

Which molecule promotes DNA replication

A

Cyclin A-CDK2

30
Q

Which molecule initiates mitosis

A

Cyclin B-CDK1

31
Q

Non dividing cells are arrested during G1 what other things happen

A

Cell cycle begins, cells grow to prepare for DNA replication, cell is diploid

32
Q

What is a growth factor

A

External chemical signal that stimulates cell division

33
Q

What does the platelet derive growth factor do

A

Stimulates skin cells to heal wounds

34
Q

What do interleukins do

A

Promote cell division in white blood cells

35
Q

What does erythropoietin do

A

Stimulates division of bone marrow and RBC

36
Q

Progression past G1 depends on which protein

A

Retinoblastoma

37
Q

Which chemicals make the retinoblastoma inactive

A

Cyclin D-CDK4 and cyclin E-CDK2

38
Q

What checks are made during S phase

A

Checks DNA replication is accurate

39
Q

What is a replication complex

A

Catalyzes reaction of DNA replication

40
Q

Where does replication complex bind to

A

Ori sequence on chromosome

41
Q

DNA replicates in which direction

A

Both forming replication fork

42
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint ensure

A

DNA damage is repaired

43
Q

What is the cell content during G2

A

4n

Cell Biology (3 decks)

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