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attachment > stages in the development of attachment > Flashcards

stages in the development of attachment Flashcards

1
Q

“The Glasgow babies”
-Schaffer and Emerson (1963)

A

-60 babies, working class families
-studied until 1 year old
-investigators visited every 4 weeks
-mother reports baby’s response to separation in everyday situations
-describe intensity of any protest, rated on 4 point scale
-who was the protest directed at
-stranger anxiety assessed by infants reaction to interviewer

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2
Q

Schaffer and Emerson findings

A
  • between 25 and 32 weeks 50% of infants showed signs of separation anxiety towards a particular adult (usually mother)
  • attachment tended to be with caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to infants signals
  • by 40 weeks 80% of infants has a specific attachment
  • 30% displayed multiple attachments
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3
Q

stage theory: birth - 2 months

A
  • indiscriminate attachments (asocial)
  • similar response to all objects
  • greater preference towards people towards end of 2 months
  • reciprocity and interactional synchrony play key role
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4
Q

stage theory: 2-4 months

A
  • beginnings of attachment
  • seek attention from a number of people
  • content when they receive it
  • may not show signs of stranger anxiety yet
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5
Q

stage theory: 4-7 months

A
  • discriminate attachment (specific attachment)
  • develop strong attachment to one person
  • showing separation protest and stranger anxiety
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6
Q

stage theory: 7-9 months onwards

A
  • multiple attachments
  • strong emotional ties with other caters develop
  • also with non-carers e.g. siblings = secondary attachments
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7
Q

evaluation of stage theory:
internal validity

A
  • some mothers may have been more sensitive to the infants reactions and therefore reported them more
  • subjective opinions to what counts as a protest
  • challenges the internal validity and therefore the theory
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8
Q

evaluation of state theory:
social desirability bias

A
  • mothers may change their answers to what they believe is the “right” answer
  • due to not wanting to be portrayed in a negative light
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9
Q

evaluation of stage theory:
biased sample

A
  • working class community in 1960’s
  • fewer women worked and fathers rarely stayed at home
  • if study conducted today, may be more mothers at work and fathers at home
  • temporal validity, population validity
  • may be different for different social classes
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10
Q

stage theory evaluation:
supportive of Bowlby

A
  • monotropy theory
  • infant has one main attachment figure
  • however did find that infants can form multiple attachments within a few months
  • also argued by Rutter, they each of these is equally important to give overall attachment type
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11
Q

stage theory evaluation:
cross-cultural validity

A
  • based in the UK (individualist culture)
  • collectivist cultures, children cared for in communities e.g. Kibbutz Israel
  • children less likely to show such a close attachment to parent
  • lacks cultural validity
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12
Q

stage theory evaluation:
individual differences

A
  • inflexible and doesn’t allow for individual differences
  • may be seen as abnormal if infants don’t follow pattern of forming single attachments first
  • judgements may be made inappropriately
  • infants are individuals so will develop differently
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13
Q

what 4 factors affect the relationship between fathers and children?

A

1) degree of sensitivity
2) type of attachment with own parents
3) marital intimacy
4) supportive co-parenting

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14
Q

what is degree of sensitivity?

A
  • more secure attachments found in fathers who show more sensitivity to child’s needs
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15
Q

what is type of attachment with own parents?

A
  • single-parent fathers tend to form similar attachments with their own children that they had with their own parents
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16
Q

what is marital intimacy?

A
  • the degree of intimacy a father has with their partner affects the type of attachment with his child
17
Q

what is supportive co-parenting?

A
  • the amount of support a father gives to their partner in helping care for the child
18
Q

Geiger on role of fathers

A
  • fathers play interactions more pleasurable than mothers
  • mothers more nurturing and affectionate
  • fathers seen as playmates rather than caregivers
19
Q

Lamb on role of fathers

A
  • children prefer interacting with the father when in a positive frame of mind
  • mothers wanted when seeking comfort
  • fathers often not main attachment, not because of lack of time, but lack of sensitivity
  • could be biological or social, but women are mire sensitive and caring towards infants
  • form closer bonds
20
Q

Schaffer and Emerson on role of father

A
  • less likely to be primary attachment figure
  • spends less time with child
21
Q

How might biology be used to explain difference between mothers and fathers?

A
  • female body produces hormone oestrogen
  • oestrogen underlies caring behaviour
  • men don’t have oestrogen
22
Q

cultural expectations on role of father

A
  • being sensitive viewed as feminine
  • men are expected to not be sensitive
23
Q

Frodi on role of father

A
  • when shown an infant in distress, there is no physiological difference between the reactions of men and women
24
Q

White and Woollett

A
  • interactions with fathers encourage problem solving
  • develop better communication skills
  • connected with child’s number of friends in preschool
  • fathers promote social skills
25
Q

evaluation of research on fathers:
lack of father leads to aggression

A
  • children who grew up without fathers often had higher levels of aggression and risk taking
  • mostly in boys
  • suggests fathers help prevent negative developmental outcomes
  • however, Pederson points out that these examples were taken from single mothers in poor socio-economic backgrounds
  • no cause and affect
  • could be social factors not the lack of fathers
26
Q

evaluation of research on fathers:
support mother

A
  • fathers who support the mother help boost their self-esteem and reduce stress
  • allowing the mother to have a better relationship with the child also
27
Q

evaluation of research on fathers:
society doesn’t view them equally

A
  • evidence suggests there is no difference in men and women’s capacity to form attachments and respond sensitively
  • society has not caught up
  • e.g. some airlines don’t allow for non-related men to sit next to children, whilst no rules apply for women
28
Q

evaluation of research on fathers:
amount of interaction

A
  • children develop more firm attachments when fathers spend more time with them
  • amount of interaction is important
29
Q

evaluation of research on fathers:
same sex families

A
  • children brought up in same sex families develop no differently than hetero-sexual ones
30
Q

evaluation of research on fathers:
Grossman

A
  • mother attachment related to adolescence
  • father attachment related to childhood
31
Q

evaluation of research on fathers:
correlation not causation

A
  • could be other impacting factors
  • don’t establish cause and affect
  • only looks for a relationship between 2 variables

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