Stage 68 Flashcards
How does an Aft CG affect a/c stability and performance?
- Decreased stability about the longitudinal axis
- Increased cruise speed and climb rate
- Lower stall speed and Va
- Harder to recover from stall/spin
Why does Va change with weight?
- As weight increases, you must fly the a/c at a higher AOA to maintain straight and level flight (therefore closer the CAOA)
- The heavier the a/c is, the less susceptible it is to experiencing excess Gs from unaccepted gusts, therefore heavier a/c can fly at a faster speed and not worry about being subject to structural damage
How would you leave an uncontrolled airport that is in Class E airspace, and is below VFR weather minimums?
Special VFR!
- NEED: ATC clearance, 1sm, remain clear of clouds
- AT NIGHT: Instrument rated and IFR equipped
When flying in a non-pressurizes a/c, when must the pilot use O2?
- Cabin pressures between 12,500’-14,000’ MSL exceeding 30 minutes
- Any time about above 14,000’ MSL
At what flight level must your passengers be provided O2?
- At cabin pressures above 15,000’ MSL
What are the 3 types of O2 Delivery Systems?
- Continuous Flow
- Diluter Demand
- Pressure-Demand
What are the 2 types of Pressurization Systems?
- Sealed Cabins - Carry own O2 that is contiuously purified and recycled (limited supply)
- Pressurized Cabins - Forces ambient air into cabins
- Isobaric Control: Constant pressure
- Isobaric Differential: Pressure varies with altitude
What are the 3 types of “Aviators Breathing Oxygen”
- Gaseous
- Liquid
- Solid (Sodium candles)
What are the differences between commercial and private pilot privileges?
- A commercial pilot can fly for compensation or hire for an air carrier
(135, 121) if appropriate requirements are met - Can be a corporate pilot operating under pt. 91
- 119.1 (e) 1-10
Why are these so many more rules for flying an a/c as opposed to driving a car?
The FAA wants to ensure that people who desire to pay for air transport are AS SAFE AS POSSIBLE
When does medical emergency constitute pilot deviation from the FARs?
IN FLIGHT ONLY!!
not on the ground
Does flight instruction always need to end where it began?
No, if the flight experience is legit then its fine! However flight instruction CANNOT be a pretext for providing air transportation!
What precautions should be taken when operating a corporate a/c under Part 91
- Only operate at the OWNER’S purpose and expense
Do you have to have aeronautical experience/knowledge to have operational control of the a/c?
- No
- Operational control, with respect to a flight, means the exercise of authority over initiating, conducting, or terminating a flight
How do fractional ownership programs avoid violation?
- Sub-Part K
- When a fractional owner is using the a/c for their own purposes, they assume operational control
Explain Goodwill
- When you do not charge people for a service that you’ve provided and claim it is Part 91
- This is illegal because you are assuming that this act will result in future business with the individual
What regulations govern scheduled air carriers (airlines)?
Part 121
What regulations govern unscheduled, air taxi and charter operations?
Part 135
What kinds of services can you LEGALLY be compensated for as a Commercial Pilot?
- 1 (e) 1-10
- Student Instruction
- Ferry/training flights
- Nonstop Air Tours within 25sm
- Nonstop parachute operations within 25sm
- Aerial work (crop dusting, banner towing, fire fighting)
- Emergency mail service
- Candidates for election (91.321)
What are the limitations of a Commercial Pilot?
- Cannot fly passengers 50nm+ OR at night without an instrument rating
Can you be compensated for student instruction as a commercial pilot?
Yes!
What is meant by “Wet-Lease”? Is this legal?
- If you rent and a/c AND hire pilots from the same business
- When 1 business has Operational Control over all phases of flight but is not under Part 135/121
- NO, this is NOT LEGAL!
What kind of inspection program does UND have?
- Progressive Inspection
- Allows for more frequent but shorter inspection phases
- As long as all phases are completed within 12 cal month, Annual and 100-hour are satisfied
How does weight affect stall speed?
As weight increases, stall speed increases!
What factors affect stall speed?
- Load Factor
- Weight of a/c
- Air Density
- Flaps (coefficient of lift)
What affects does humidity and pressure have on performance?
Increased Humidity = Decreased Pressure
- Decreased performance bc less air molecules
What is Va
Va = Maneuvering speed (green arc)
- Stall the a/c before it breaks
- Cruise speed in gusty conditions
What is Vno
Vno = Max. structural cruising speed in smooth air (beginning of yellow arc)
- Never exceed in gusty conditions
- A/c could be subject to excess Gs
Are both wings stalled in a spin?
Yes, the lower wing is stalled more
4 phases of a spin and descriptions?
- Entry - Forces applies
- Incipient - First 2 turns, forces unbalanced
- Fully Developed - Forces reach equilibrium
- Recovery - Corrective forces applied
How long is Federal Registration good for? When would it become invalid?
- 3 years
- If owner dies, ownership changes, a/c is destroyed
What is a Radio License needed? How long is it valid?
- International flights
- Good for 10 years
What are the 4 parts of the MEL?
- Master MEL
- Procedures and Documents
- Preamble
- Letter of Authorization
What kind of medical do you have? How long is it valid?
- 1st class
- Commercial privileges for 12 cal months
- Then drops to 3rd class privileges
How do you get an MEL?
Contact the FSDO
What do you do if you have broken equipment and DO NOT have an MEL?
- 213
- VFR-Day type cert
- Kinds of Operations Lists
- 91.205
- ADs
Is there ever a situation where you would be able to fly an un-airworthy aircraft?
Yes, with a special flight/ferry permit
If you see “FM” this indicates weather conditions are:
Changing RAPIDLY (usually in less than 1 hour)
If you see “BCMG” this indicates weather conditions are:
Changing gradually over a period of time
When is a SPECI issued?
45 degree or 10 knots wind shift
Do METARs give winds in true or magnetic?
Magnetic
Are winds aloft given in true or magnetic?
True
What is Special VFR? What are the requirements?
- A way to leave a controlled airport that has dropped below VFR weather mins to get to a place with VFR
NEED: ATC Clearance, 1 sm, and remain clear of clouds.
~must have instrument rating and be IFR equipped at night~
What does a Servo Regulator do?
- Meters fuel flow proportionally with air flow
- Maintains the manual mixture setting
What is a wet-sump?
Lubricating system that uses the crankcase as a built in reservoir for oil, as opposed to an external/secondary reservoir used for dry-sumps
What kind of Electrical System do we have?
- 28 Volt DC system
- 24 Volt Main battery
- 60 Amp Alternator (Belt-Driven)
What causes Hyperventilation? Corrective actions?
- Lack of CO2
- Breathe in a bag, talking
What causes middle ear and sinus problems? Corrective actions?
~Usually a desent problem~
- Trapped gas due to a blocked Eustachian tube
- Chew gum, yawn, valsalva
One of you passengers is experiencing motion sickness. What can you do to help them?
- Fresh air
- Tell them to focus on objects outside of the cabin
- Avoid head movement
How can you detect Carbon Monoxide? Corrective actions?
- It is colorless and odorless
- Symptoms include: Headache, dizziness, drowsy, blurred vision
- 100% O2, turn off heat, open air vents
Your client went scuba diving yesterday and now wants to head home. What should you tell her?
- If we leave any sooner than 24 hours after she was scuba diving, she is at risk for Decompression Sickness
(unless she wants to fly below 8,000’ then its 12 hours)
91.211
Supplemental O2
What 4 factors affect stall speed?
- Weight
- Load Factor
- Density Altitude
- CG Location
How does a forward CG affect a/c performance?
- Decreased overall performance
- Higher stalling speed
- Easier to recover from stalls
Static vs. Dynamic stability
Static - Initial tendencies after equilibrium
Dynamic - Overall tendencies equilibrium
What is Neutral Static/Dynamic stability?
When an object is moved, and then remains there!
What is POSITIVE Static/Dynamic stability?
When you move an object and it returns back to its original state
What is NEGATIVE Static/Dynamic stability?
When you move an object and it continues away from its OG state
What is another way to explain Va (maneuvering speed - think control movements)
The maximum speed at which abrupt control movements will cause the aircraft to STALL before causing structural damage
Heavier a/c will stall _____ than lighter a/c
SOONER
When know that engine performance decreases with altitude, but why?
- Propeller loses efficiency at high altitudes
- Increases power required due to thinning of air molecules
Which way does CG usually move with fuel burn?
Forward!
If you are flying through turbulence, what V-Speed should you fly at or below?
Va
Is lift still being produced in a spin?
Yes!
Remember that the upward wing is producing more lift than the downward wing
How would using ailerons in recovery aggravate the spin? (think logically with lift and drag)
- Aileron inputs AGAINST the spin would create more induced drag on the inside wing
- Aileron inputs WITH the spin would create more lift on the outside wing
In what situations are you most at risk to enter a spin?
Low airspeed/High AOA (Traffic Pattern)
Who do you contact if you want a Special Flight Permit?
FSDO
What is the additional required equipment for VFR Night flight?
Fuses - 3 of each kind or 1 full set Landing Light (for hire) Anti-Collision Lights Positioning Lights Source of Electricity (adequate for all installed electronics)
What is the additional required equipment for IFR flight?
Generator/Alternator Radio (2-way) Altimeter Ball (Inclinometer) Clock (Installed, reading seconds) Attitude Indicator Rate of Turn Indicator Directional Gyro
When is a 100-hour inspection required for flight?
- When carry passengers for hire
- When giving flight instruction
Is a 100-hour inspection required if you are RENTING an airplane?
NO!
What 2 inspections are mainly required for IFR flight?
VOR (every 30 days)
Pitot-Static (every 24 cal. months)
When must you inspect/replace the ELT?
- Every 12 cal. months
- After 1 cumulative hour of use
- 1/2 battery life used
What does the Synopsis of an Area Forecast cover?
- Covers an 18 hour period
- Location/movement of fronts and pressure systems
What does a Surface Analysis Chart cover?
- Issued every 3 hours
- Depicts troughs, ridges, and station observations
What does a Radar Summary Chart cover? When are the issued?
- Graphical display of info about precipitation and echo/cell movement
- Issued hourly at :35
In a winds aloft forecast, what does 731960 mean
- Wind speed is greater than 100 knots…subtract 50 from direction, add 100 to speed!
(73-50 = 23)
(100+19 = 119) - 230 at 119 knots, -60 degrees C
What does 9900 mean on a winds aloft forecast?
Winds are Light and Variable
How often are Significant Weather Prognostic Charts issued? What do they cover?
4x a day
- Pressure systems, fronts, precipitation
- Freezing levels, turbulence, IFR/VFR categories, High and Low pressure systems
What are some Special Use Airspaces?
- Prohibited
- Restricted
- Warning Areas (3nm out from coasts)
- Alert Areas (Usual aerial activities)
- Controlled Firing Areas (not charted, activities suspended when a/c approach)
- Military Operating Areas (no VFR separation)
Where can you get information about TFRs?
- NOTAMs
- faa.gov
Can you enter a TFR?
Yes, but you need to get permission
think about the air force base
What are 4 types of flaps? What kind do we have?
- Plain
- Slotted
- Fowler
- Split
~we have slotted~
What are Leading Edge Devices? name 3
High-life devices
- Fixed Slot
- Slats
- Leading Edge Flaps
What is a wet-sump lubrication system?
Oil is held within crankcase housing of the engine
What is a dry-sump lubrication system?
Oil is held in a separate reservoir
What is the FAAs minimum requirement for Oil?
2 Quarts
Why do we have unusable fuel?
Fuel gets stuck in tanks and in the pipes and is unable to reach the engine
What kind of fuel does can our C172 take? Can it run on any grade?
- 100LL, 100
- May use a HIGHER grade only, using a lower grade may result in detonation
Tell me about the Hydraulic system. What 5 main things operate off hydraulics?
- Electrically powered, hydraulically actuated
1. Landing Gear - C172 landing gear is filled with Nitrogen
2. Brakes - Hydraulic fluid is red
3. Constant-Speed Prop - Governor adjusts blade angle to maintain RPM
- Increase in airspeed/altitude will cause blade angle to increase to maintain RPM
4. Flaps
5. Flight Controls
What are the 4 strokes of the engine?
- Intake
- Compression
- Combustion
- Exhaust
What are 6 main parts of the engine? (draw it)
- Camshaft
- Crankshaft
- Accessory Case
- Rocker Arm
- Pistons
- Cylinders
What is a Fuel-Injected engine? What are its components? (draw it)
- Fuel is injected directly into the cylinders
- Engine driven fuel pump, Fuel/Air control unit, Fuel manifold, Auxilary fuel pump
If you get an M procedure, do you fill out the placards for the inoperative piece of equipment?
NO
What are the advantages of Fuel-Injection?
- Less chance of icing
- Better fuel flow/districution
- Faster throttle response
- Easier cold weather start
What are the DIS-advantages of Fuel-Injection
- Difficult hot start
2. VAPOR LOCK (fuel vaporizes in lines and causes blockage)
What is a carbureted engine? What are its main components?
- Venture, Float Chamber, Fuel Inlet, Mixture Needle, Air Inlet, Discharge Nozzle, Butterfly/Throttle Valve
What are the advantages/DIS-advantages of a Carburetor?
- Cheaper
- Icing can occur up to 70 degrees F/21 degrees C (Bernuli)
Why is there a voltage difference between the alternator and battery?
So the alternator can constantly place a charge on the battery!
What are the 4 different METHODS of anti/de-icing?
- Chemical
- Thermal
- Electrical
- Pneumatic
What are some common methods of anti-icing?
- Pitot Heat
- Carb Heat
- Window Defrosters
What are some common methods of de-icing?
- Boots
- Chemical weeping (small pores in wing that secrete chemicals)
- Heat when turned on after ice has accumulated
What is Hypoxia?
A lack of sufficient O2!
What are the 4 types of hypoxia?
- Hypoxic (Altitude)
- Hypemic (Blood)
- Stagnant (Circulation)
- Histotoxic (Drugs)
What are some symptoms of Hypoxia?
- Cyanosis
- Headache
- Euphoria
- Tingling/Numbness
- Drowsiness
What could cause Hyperventilation?
- Lack of CO2
1. Fright
2. Stress
3. Pain
What is the FAAs rules for Alcohol and flight?
- BAC must be less than 0.04%
- Cannot feel hungover
- 8 hours
What causes “The Bends”?
(Decompression Sickness)
- Nitrogen dissolved in the tissues/bodily fluids
- Rapid reduction in pressure can cause N bubbles to form in the body
Night Vision primarily relies on what part of the eye?
Cones!
What is a Supercharger?
- Uses engine-driven compressors
- Compress fuel/air mixture AFTER it leaves the carburetor
What is a Turbocharger?
- Uses air compressor driven by exhaust gases
- Compresses AIR BEFORE it is mixed with metered fuel from carb or fuel injection system
What does a Wastegate do?
- Controls mass of exhaust gas flowing in to the turbine
- Closed = Exhaust gas is forced through turbine
- Open = Exhaust gas allowed to bypass the turbine
Describe a Diluter-Demand O2 system
- O2 supplied when user INHALES
- Can be used up to FL400
Describe a Pressure-Demand O2 system?
- Operates as Diluter-Demand up to FL340
- Provides positive pressure ABOVE FL340
- SAFE above FL400
Describe a Continuous Flow O2 system?
- Most common in passenger masks
- Ambient air added to supplied O2 after bagged O2 is depleted
- Exhaled air is released into the cabin
What are the (4) elements in defining Common Carriage?
Advisory Circular AC 120-12A
(1) Holding out a willingness to (2) transport persons/property (3) from place to place (4) for compensation
FAR 119.1 covers:
What Commercial Pilot’s can be legally compensated for!
AIRMETs are valid for ___ hours
SIGMIETs are valid for ___ hours
Convective SIGMETs are valid for ___ hours
Airmets - Valid for 6 hours
Sigmets - Valid for 4 hours
Convective Sigmets - Valid for 2 hours
When is a High Altitude Endorsement required?
- 31 (g)
- When acting as PIC a of a pressurized aircraft (a/c with service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL)
What is Vx? When would you use it?
- Best ANGLE of climb
- Allows you to climb to altitude in the shortest distance over the ground
- When trying to clear an obstacle or get out of airspace
What is Vy? When you you use it?
- Best RATE of climb
- Allows you to climb to altitude in the shortest TIME
- More comfortable for passengers
Does the Camshaft or the Crankshaft rotate at a slower rate?
CAMshaft rotates at 1/2 the speed of the crankshaft
What does the essential bus power?
- PFD
- ADC/AHRS
- NAV 1
- COM 1
- STBY Bat lights
- STBY Battery
