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Commercial Lab (323) > Stage 68 > Flashcards

Stage 68 Flashcards

1
Q

How does an Aft CG affect a/c stability and performance?

A
  • Decreased stability about the longitudinal axis
  • Increased cruise speed and climb rate
  • Lower stall speed and Va
  • Harder to recover from stall/spin
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2
Q

Why does Va change with weight?

A
  • As weight increases, you must fly the a/c at a higher AOA to maintain straight and level flight (therefore closer the CAOA)
  • The heavier the a/c is, the less susceptible it is to experiencing excess Gs from unaccepted gusts, therefore heavier a/c can fly at a faster speed and not worry about being subject to structural damage
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3
Q

How would you leave an uncontrolled airport that is in Class E airspace, and is below VFR weather minimums?

A

Special VFR!

  • NEED: ATC clearance, 1sm, remain clear of clouds
  • AT NIGHT: Instrument rated and IFR equipped
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4
Q

When flying in a non-pressurizes a/c, when must the pilot use O2?

A
  • Cabin pressures between 12,500’-14,000’ MSL exceeding 30 minutes
  • Any time about above 14,000’ MSL
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5
Q

At what flight level must your passengers be provided O2?

A
  • At cabin pressures above 15,000’ MSL
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6
Q

What are the 3 types of O2 Delivery Systems?

A
  1. Continuous Flow
  2. Diluter Demand
  3. Pressure-Demand
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7
Q

What are the 2 types of Pressurization Systems?

A
  1. Sealed Cabins - Carry own O2 that is contiuously purified and recycled (limited supply)
  2. Pressurized Cabins - Forces ambient air into cabins
    - Isobaric Control: Constant pressure
    - Isobaric Differential: Pressure varies with altitude
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of “Aviators Breathing Oxygen”

A
  1. Gaseous
  2. Liquid
  3. Solid (Sodium candles)
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9
Q

What are the differences between commercial and private pilot privileges?

A
  • A commercial pilot can fly for compensation or hire for an air carrier
    (135, 121) if appropriate requirements are met
  • Can be a corporate pilot operating under pt. 91
  • 119.1 (e) 1-10
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10
Q

Why are these so many more rules for flying an a/c as opposed to driving a car?

A

The FAA wants to ensure that people who desire to pay for air transport are AS SAFE AS POSSIBLE

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11
Q

When does medical emergency constitute pilot deviation from the FARs?

A

IN FLIGHT ONLY!!

not on the ground

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12
Q

Does flight instruction always need to end where it began?

A

No, if the flight experience is legit then its fine! However flight instruction CANNOT be a pretext for providing air transportation!

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13
Q

What precautions should be taken when operating a corporate a/c under Part 91

A
  • Only operate at the OWNER’S purpose and expense
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14
Q

Do you have to have aeronautical experience/knowledge to have operational control of the a/c?

A
  • No
  • Operational control, with respect to a flight, means the exercise of authority over initiating, conducting, or terminating a flight
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15
Q

How do fractional ownership programs avoid violation?

A
  • Sub-Part K

- When a fractional owner is using the a/c for their own purposes, they assume operational control

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16
Q

Explain Goodwill

A
  • When you do not charge people for a service that you’ve provided and claim it is Part 91
  • This is illegal because you are assuming that this act will result in future business with the individual
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17
Q

What regulations govern scheduled air carriers (airlines)?

A

Part 121

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18
Q

What regulations govern unscheduled, air taxi and charter operations?

A

Part 135

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19
Q

What kinds of services can you LEGALLY be compensated for as a Commercial Pilot?

A
  1. 1 (e) 1-10
    - Student Instruction
    - Ferry/training flights
    - Nonstop Air Tours within 25sm
    - Nonstop parachute operations within 25sm
    - Aerial work (crop dusting, banner towing, fire fighting)
    - Emergency mail service
    - Candidates for election (91.321)
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20
Q

What are the limitations of a Commercial Pilot?

A
  • Cannot fly passengers 50nm+ OR at night without an instrument rating
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21
Q

Can you be compensated for student instruction as a commercial pilot?

A

Yes!

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22
Q

What is meant by “Wet-Lease”? Is this legal?

A
  • If you rent and a/c AND hire pilots from the same business
  • When 1 business has Operational Control over all phases of flight but is not under Part 135/121
  • NO, this is NOT LEGAL!
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23
Q

What kind of inspection program does UND have?

A
  • Progressive Inspection
  • Allows for more frequent but shorter inspection phases
  • As long as all phases are completed within 12 cal month, Annual and 100-hour are satisfied
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24
Q

How does weight affect stall speed?

A

As weight increases, stall speed increases!

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25
Q

What factors affect stall speed?

A
  • Load Factor
  • Weight of a/c
  • Air Density
  • Flaps (coefficient of lift)
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26
Q

What affects does humidity and pressure have on performance?

A

Increased Humidity = Decreased Pressure

- Decreased performance bc less air molecules

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27
Q

What is Va

A

Va = Maneuvering speed (green arc)

  • Stall the a/c before it breaks
  • Cruise speed in gusty conditions
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28
Q

What is Vno

A

Vno = Max. structural cruising speed in smooth air (beginning of yellow arc)

  • Never exceed in gusty conditions
  • A/c could be subject to excess Gs
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29
Q

Are both wings stalled in a spin?

A

Yes, the lower wing is stalled more

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30
Q

4 phases of a spin and descriptions?

A
  1. Entry - Forces applies
  2. Incipient - First 2 turns, forces unbalanced
  3. Fully Developed - Forces reach equilibrium
  4. Recovery - Corrective forces applied
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31
Q

How long is Federal Registration good for? When would it become invalid?

A
  • 3 years

- If owner dies, ownership changes, a/c is destroyed

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32
Q

What is a Radio License needed? How long is it valid?

A
  • International flights

- Good for 10 years

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33
Q

What are the 4 parts of the MEL?

A
  1. Master MEL
  2. Procedures and Documents
  3. Preamble
  4. Letter of Authorization
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34
Q

What kind of medical do you have? How long is it valid?

A
  • 1st class
  • Commercial privileges for 12 cal months
  • Then drops to 3rd class privileges
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35
Q

How do you get an MEL?

A

Contact the FSDO

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36
Q

What do you do if you have broken equipment and DO NOT have an MEL?

A
  1. 213
  2. VFR-Day type cert
  3. Kinds of Operations Lists
  4. 91.205
  5. ADs
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37
Q

Is there ever a situation where you would be able to fly an un-airworthy aircraft?

A

Yes, with a special flight/ferry permit

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38
Q

If you see “FM” this indicates weather conditions are:

A

Changing RAPIDLY (usually in less than 1 hour)

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39
Q

If you see “BCMG” this indicates weather conditions are:

A

Changing gradually over a period of time

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40
Q

When is a SPECI issued?

A

45 degree or 10 knots wind shift

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41
Q

Do METARs give winds in true or magnetic?

A

Magnetic

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42
Q

Are winds aloft given in true or magnetic?

A

True

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43
Q

What is Special VFR? What are the requirements?

A
  • A way to leave a controlled airport that has dropped below VFR weather mins to get to a place with VFR
    NEED: ATC Clearance, 1 sm, and remain clear of clouds.
    ~must have instrument rating and be IFR equipped at night~
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44
Q

What does a Servo Regulator do?

A
  • Meters fuel flow proportionally with air flow

- Maintains the manual mixture setting

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45
Q

What is a wet-sump?

A

Lubricating system that uses the crankcase as a built in reservoir for oil, as opposed to an external/secondary reservoir used for dry-sumps

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46
Q

What kind of Electrical System do we have?

A
  • 28 Volt DC system
  • 24 Volt Main battery
  • 60 Amp Alternator (Belt-Driven)
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47
Q

What causes Hyperventilation? Corrective actions?

A
  • Lack of CO2

- Breathe in a bag, talking

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48
Q

What causes middle ear and sinus problems? Corrective actions?

A

~Usually a desent problem~

  • Trapped gas due to a blocked Eustachian tube
  • Chew gum, yawn, valsalva
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49
Q

One of you passengers is experiencing motion sickness. What can you do to help them?

A
  • Fresh air
  • Tell them to focus on objects outside of the cabin
  • Avoid head movement
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50
Q

How can you detect Carbon Monoxide? Corrective actions?

A
  • It is colorless and odorless
  • Symptoms include: Headache, dizziness, drowsy, blurred vision
  • 100% O2, turn off heat, open air vents
51
Q

Your client went scuba diving yesterday and now wants to head home. What should you tell her?

A
  • If we leave any sooner than 24 hours after she was scuba diving, she is at risk for Decompression Sickness
    (unless she wants to fly below 8,000’ then its 12 hours)
52
Q

91.211

A

Supplemental O2

53
Q

What 4 factors affect stall speed?

A
  1. Weight
  2. Load Factor
  3. Density Altitude
  4. CG Location
54
Q

How does a forward CG affect a/c performance?

A
  1. Decreased overall performance
  2. Higher stalling speed
  3. Easier to recover from stalls
55
Q

Static vs. Dynamic stability

A

Static - Initial tendencies after equilibrium

Dynamic - Overall tendencies equilibrium

56
Q

What is Neutral Static/Dynamic stability?

A

When an object is moved, and then remains there!

57
Q

What is POSITIVE Static/Dynamic stability?

A

When you move an object and it returns back to its original state

58
Q

What is NEGATIVE Static/Dynamic stability?

A

When you move an object and it continues away from its OG state

59
Q

What is another way to explain Va (maneuvering speed - think control movements)

A

The maximum speed at which abrupt control movements will cause the aircraft to STALL before causing structural damage

60
Q

Heavier a/c will stall _____ than lighter a/c

A

SOONER

61
Q

When know that engine performance decreases with altitude, but why?

A
  • Propeller loses efficiency at high altitudes

- Increases power required due to thinning of air molecules

62
Q

Which way does CG usually move with fuel burn?

A

Forward!

63
Q

If you are flying through turbulence, what V-Speed should you fly at or below?

A

Va

64
Q

Is lift still being produced in a spin?

A

Yes!

Remember that the upward wing is producing more lift than the downward wing

65
Q

How would using ailerons in recovery aggravate the spin? (think logically with lift and drag)

A
  • Aileron inputs AGAINST the spin would create more induced drag on the inside wing
  • Aileron inputs WITH the spin would create more lift on the outside wing
66
Q

In what situations are you most at risk to enter a spin?

A

Low airspeed/High AOA (Traffic Pattern)

67
Q

Who do you contact if you want a Special Flight Permit?

A

FSDO

68
Q

What is the additional required equipment for VFR Night flight?

A 
Fuses - 3 of each kind or 1 full set
Landing Light (for hire)
Anti-Collision Lights
Positioning Lights
Source of Electricity (adequate for all installed electronics)
69
Q

What is the additional required equipment for IFR flight?

A 
Generator/Alternator
Radio (2-way)
Altimeter
Ball (Inclinometer)
Clock (Installed, reading seconds)
Attitude Indicator
Rate of Turn Indicator
Directional Gyro
70
Q

When is a 100-hour inspection required for flight?

A
  • When carry passengers for hire

- When giving flight instruction

71
Q

Is a 100-hour inspection required if you are RENTING an airplane?

A

NO!

72
Q

What 2 inspections are mainly required for IFR flight?

A

VOR (every 30 days)

Pitot-Static (every 24 cal. months)

73
Q

When must you inspect/replace the ELT?

A
  • Every 12 cal. months
  • After 1 cumulative hour of use
  • 1/2 battery life used
74
Q

What does the Synopsis of an Area Forecast cover?

A
  • Covers an 18 hour period

- Location/movement of fronts and pressure systems

75
Q

What does a Surface Analysis Chart cover?

A
  • Issued every 3 hours

- Depicts troughs, ridges, and station observations

76
Q

What does a Radar Summary Chart cover? When are the issued?

A
  • Graphical display of info about precipitation and echo/cell movement
  • Issued hourly at :35
77
Q

In a winds aloft forecast, what does 731960 mean

A
  • Wind speed is greater than 100 knots…subtract 50 from direction, add 100 to speed!
    (73-50 = 23)
    (100+19 = 119)
  • 230 at 119 knots, -60 degrees C
78
Q

What does 9900 mean on a winds aloft forecast?

A

Winds are Light and Variable

79
Q

How often are Significant Weather Prognostic Charts issued? What do they cover?

A

4x a day

  • Pressure systems, fronts, precipitation
  • Freezing levels, turbulence, IFR/VFR categories, High and Low pressure systems
80
Q

What are some Special Use Airspaces?

A
  1. Prohibited
  2. Restricted
  3. Warning Areas (3nm out from coasts)
  4. Alert Areas (Usual aerial activities)
  5. Controlled Firing Areas (not charted, activities suspended when a/c approach)
  6. Military Operating Areas (no VFR separation)
81
Q

Where can you get information about TFRs?

A
  • NOTAMs

- faa.gov

82
Q

Can you enter a TFR?

A

Yes, but you need to get permission

think about the air force base

83
Q

What are 4 types of flaps? What kind do we have?

A
  1. Plain
  2. Slotted
  3. Fowler
  4. Split
    ~we have slotted~
84
Q

What are Leading Edge Devices? name 3

A

High-life devices

  1. Fixed Slot
  2. Slats
  3. Leading Edge Flaps
85
Q

What is a wet-sump lubrication system?

A

Oil is held within crankcase housing of the engine

86
Q

What is a dry-sump lubrication system?

A

Oil is held in a separate reservoir

87
Q

What is the FAAs minimum requirement for Oil?

A

2 Quarts

88
Q

Why do we have unusable fuel?

A

Fuel gets stuck in tanks and in the pipes and is unable to reach the engine

89
Q

What kind of fuel does can our C172 take? Can it run on any grade?

A
  • 100LL, 100

- May use a HIGHER grade only, using a lower grade may result in detonation

90
Q

Tell me about the Hydraulic system. What 5 main things operate off hydraulics?

A
  • Electrically powered, hydraulically actuated
    1. Landing Gear
  • C172 landing gear is filled with Nitrogen
    2. Brakes
  • Hydraulic fluid is red
    3. Constant-Speed Prop
  • Governor adjusts blade angle to maintain RPM
  • Increase in airspeed/altitude will cause blade angle to increase to maintain RPM
    4. Flaps
    5. Flight Controls
91
Q

What are the 4 strokes of the engine?

A
  1. Intake
  2. Compression
  3. Combustion
  4. Exhaust
92
Q

What are 6 main parts of the engine? (draw it)

A
  1. Camshaft
  2. Crankshaft
  3. Accessory Case
  4. Rocker Arm
  5. Pistons
  6. Cylinders
93
Q

What is a Fuel-Injected engine? What are its components? (draw it)

A
  • Fuel is injected directly into the cylinders

- Engine driven fuel pump, Fuel/Air control unit, Fuel manifold, Auxilary fuel pump

94
Q

If you get an M procedure, do you fill out the placards for the inoperative piece of equipment?

A

NO

95
Q

What are the advantages of Fuel-Injection?

A
  1. Less chance of icing
  2. Better fuel flow/districution
  3. Faster throttle response
  4. Easier cold weather start
96
Q

What are the DIS-advantages of Fuel-Injection

A
  1. Difficult hot start

2. VAPOR LOCK (fuel vaporizes in lines and causes blockage)

97
Q

What is a carbureted engine? What are its main components?

A
  • Venture, Float Chamber, Fuel Inlet, Mixture Needle, Air Inlet, Discharge Nozzle, Butterfly/Throttle Valve
98
Q

What are the advantages/DIS-advantages of a Carburetor?

A
  • Cheaper

- Icing can occur up to 70 degrees F/21 degrees C (Bernuli)

99
Q

Why is there a voltage difference between the alternator and battery?

A

So the alternator can constantly place a charge on the battery!

100
Q

What are the 4 different METHODS of anti/de-icing?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Thermal
  3. Electrical
  4. Pneumatic
101
Q

What are some common methods of anti-icing?

A
  • Pitot Heat
  • Carb Heat
  • Window Defrosters
102
Q

What are some common methods of de-icing?

A
  • Boots
  • Chemical weeping (small pores in wing that secrete chemicals)
  • Heat when turned on after ice has accumulated
103
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

A lack of sufficient O2!

104
Q

What are the 4 types of hypoxia?

A
  1. Hypoxic (Altitude)
  2. Hypemic (Blood)
  3. Stagnant (Circulation)
  4. Histotoxic (Drugs)
105
Q

What are some symptoms of Hypoxia?

A
  1. Cyanosis
  2. Headache
  3. Euphoria
  4. Tingling/Numbness
  5. Drowsiness
106
Q

What could cause Hyperventilation?

A
  • Lack of CO2
    1. Fright
    2. Stress
    3. Pain
107
Q

What is the FAAs rules for Alcohol and flight?

A
  • BAC must be less than 0.04%
  • Cannot feel hungover
  • 8 hours
108
Q

What causes “The Bends”?

A

(Decompression Sickness)

  • Nitrogen dissolved in the tissues/bodily fluids
  • Rapid reduction in pressure can cause N bubbles to form in the body
109
Q

Night Vision primarily relies on what part of the eye?

A

Cones!

110
Q

What is a Supercharger?

A
  • Uses engine-driven compressors

- Compress fuel/air mixture AFTER it leaves the carburetor

111
Q

What is a Turbocharger?

A
  • Uses air compressor driven by exhaust gases

- Compresses AIR BEFORE it is mixed with metered fuel from carb or fuel injection system

112
Q

What does a Wastegate do?

A
  • Controls mass of exhaust gas flowing in to the turbine
  • Closed = Exhaust gas is forced through turbine
  • Open = Exhaust gas allowed to bypass the turbine
113
Q

Describe a Diluter-Demand O2 system

A
  • O2 supplied when user INHALES

- Can be used up to FL400

114
Q

Describe a Pressure-Demand O2 system?

A
  • Operates as Diluter-Demand up to FL340
  • Provides positive pressure ABOVE FL340
  • SAFE above FL400
115
Q

Describe a Continuous Flow O2 system?

A
  • Most common in passenger masks
  • Ambient air added to supplied O2 after bagged O2 is depleted
  • Exhaled air is released into the cabin
116
Q

What are the (4) elements in defining Common Carriage?

A

Advisory Circular AC 120-12A

(1) Holding out a willingness to (2) transport persons/property (3) from place to place (4) for compensation

117
Q

FAR 119.1 covers:

A

What Commercial Pilot’s can be legally compensated for!

118
Q

AIRMETs are valid for ___ hours
SIGMIETs are valid for ___ hours
Convective SIGMETs are valid for ___ hours

A

Airmets - Valid for 6 hours
Sigmets - Valid for 4 hours
Convective Sigmets - Valid for 2 hours

119
Q

When is a High Altitude Endorsement required?

A
  1. 31 (g)
    - When acting as PIC a of a pressurized aircraft (a/c with service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL)
120
Q

What is Vx? When would you use it?

A
  • Best ANGLE of climb
  • Allows you to climb to altitude in the shortest distance over the ground
  • When trying to clear an obstacle or get out of airspace
121
Q

What is Vy? When you you use it?

A
  • Best RATE of climb
  • Allows you to climb to altitude in the shortest TIME
  • More comfortable for passengers
122
Q

Does the Camshaft or the Crankshaft rotate at a slower rate?

A

CAMshaft rotates at 1/2 the speed of the crankshaft

123
Q

What does the essential bus power?

A
  • PFD
  • ADC/AHRS
  • NAV 1
  • COM 1
  • STBY Bat lights
  • STBY Battery

Commercial Lab (323) (1 decks)

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