Stage 6 Flashcards
Private Carriage
- Selective in whom is served
- Not willing to fly just anyone
- Generally a long-term service
- Does not hold out to all customers
Common Carriage
- Provides service to anyone as long as there is space available, a fee is paid, and there is no reasonable grounds to refuse service
- Holds out
Holding Out
Advertising
- Holding out a hand to say “Come fly with me!”
Operations not requiring a 121/135 operating certificate (119.1e1 exemptions)
- Student instruction
- Commercial air tours
- Ferry flights
- Skydive operations
- Aerial work operations(Crop dusting, banner towing, aerial photography/survey, firefighting, construction, pipeline patrol)
Wet Lease
- Leaser provides aircraft and crew
Dry Lease
- Lessee provides own crew
- Permitted to operate under part 91, not required to comply with 121/135 operations
Complex Endorsement
- 31e
- Flaps
- Controllable pitch prop
- Retractable landing gear
- Requires ground and flight training
High Performance Endorsement
- 31f
- Greater than 200hp per engine
- Requires ground and flight training
Tailwheel Endorsement
- 31i
- Wheel supporting the tail of aircraft
- Requires flight training only
High Altitude Endorsement
- 31g
- Allows operation of pressurized aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude above 25,000’ MSL
- Requires ground and flight training
Constant Speed/Variable Pitch Propeller Purpose
- Allows the pilot to set appropriate power settings for the desired phase of flight
- Pilot selects the desired RPM setting
- Controls the pitch of the propeller blades
Increased Propeller Pitch
- Higher AOA = More Thrust
- More torque is required as a result
(Engine RPM decreases) - Ideal for Cruise (Lower RPM for increased fuel efficiency)
Decreased Propeller Pitch
- Less torque required
(Engine RPM increases) - Ideal for Takeoff (High RPM for maximum power)
Major Components of a Constant Speed/Variable Pitch Propellers : Prop Governor
- Maintains desired RPM setting by using flyweights
Major Components of a Constant Speed/Variable Pitch Propellers : “L” Flyweights
- Regulates set RPM setting by taking advantage of centrifugal force
Underspeeding “L” Flyweights
RPM too slow
If you don’t touch controls I’m a climb:
- Engine will want to slow down, so flyweights will move inward, decreasing oil pressure because oil flows out of propeller hub, DECREASING PITCH OF PROP
- As pitch decreases, Engine is able to speed up again
Overspeeding “L” Flyweights
RPM too fast
If you don’t touch controls in a descent:
- Engine will want to speed up, so flyweights move outward, increasing oil pressure, and INCREASING PITCH OF PROP
- As pitch increases, engine is able to slow down and become more efficient
Major Components of a Constant Speed/Variable Pitch Propellers : Propeller Pitch
- Controlled hydraulically using engine oil and a piston.
- For Single Engine: Spring pushes on piston to lower pitch in case of loss of oil pressure, giving max power as fail safe. (Low Pitch/High RPM)
Thrust Aircraft Propellers
- All fixed pitched
- If we don’t touch throttle our engine RPM will slow down in a climb, and speed up in a descent
