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CIDEB Chemistry 1 > Stage 1-2 > Flashcards

Stage 1-2 Flashcards

0
Q

Types of matter

A

Pure Substance and Mixtures

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1
Q

Matter

A

Everything that has mass and occupies space (has a volume)

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2
Q

Pure Substance

A

Type of matter composed by pure elements or compounds with chemical bonds. This is how they are found in nature. They have a definite composition

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3
Q

Element

A

Type of pure substance with only one type of atom.

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4
Q

Compound

A

Type of pure substance that is a chemical bond between two or more types of atoms.

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5
Q

Mixtures

A

Type of matter in which the components are physically combined. Physical combination of two or more substances that does not change the identities of the substances

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6
Q

Homogeneous Mixtures

A

Type of mixtures that is also called solution; you are not able to see the different components of the mixture because it only has one phase and a uniform composition.

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7
Q

Heterogeneous Mixture

A

Type of mixture in which you are able to see all of the different components that create the mixture.

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8
Q

Physical Property

A

They are the characteristics of things that we are able to see without affecting the identity of the substance. Ex: weight, color, boiling point, melting point, odor, luster, conductivity, state at 25 °C.

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9
Q

Chemical Property

A

Properties that indicate the ability of a substance to change into a new substance. Ex: corrosion, etc.

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10
Q

Physical Change

A

Change in which the physical appearance of a substance changes, but it’s composition stays the same. Ex: change of state, appearance, shape or size.

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11
Q

Chemical Change

A

Change in which the composition of the substance changes (the substance is turned into a new substance with new physical and chemical characteristics). A chemical reactions occurs.

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12
Q

Change of state

A

A change in which matter is converted form one state to another.

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13
Q

Melting point

A

The temperature in which a solid is converted into a liquid. Temperature in which energy is absorbed to overcome the attractive forces that hold the particles together.

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14
Q

Freezing point

A

Temperature in which a liquid changes to a solid. It is the same as the meting point. It this, temperature is lowered so energy lost and the eventually the attractive forces form a solid.

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15
Q

Boiling point

A

Point in which all the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to overcome the attractive forces between them and form a gas.

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16
Q

Evaporation

A

Formation of a gas by the escape of high-energy molecules from the surface of a liquid.

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17
Q

Condensation

A

Water vapor is turned back into a liquid as the water molecules lose energy and slow down. Course at the same temperature as the boiling point, but in this you are removing energy. Change of state of a gas to a liquid.

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18
Q

Sublimation

A

Change of state in which a solid is transforms directly into a gas without forming a liquid first.

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19
Q

Deposition

A

Th reverse process of sublimation. Change of state that is from gas state to solid state without forming a liquid.

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20
Q

Solid

A

State of matter in which the particles are tightly packed together, the particles are only able to vibrate agains each other and have a definite volume and shape. They are incompressible.

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21
Q

Liquid

A

State of matter in which the particles are able to flow, but are still close to each other. They don’t have a definite shape but they do have a definite volume.

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22
Q

Gas

A

State of matter in which particles float freely, the bounce against each other. They don’t have a definite shape nor volume (they expand until they occupy the entire container) and they are compressible. Have a lot of kinetic energy.

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23
Q

Period

A

Horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.

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24
Q

Group

A

A vertical column that contains elements that have similar physical and chemical properties.

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25
Q

Chemical Symbol

A

An abbreviation that represent the name of an element.

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26
Q

Representative elements

A

An element in the first two columns on the left of the periodic table or at the last six columns on the right (from group 1A to 8A; 1,2,13-18)

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27
Q

Transition elements

A

An element in the center of the periodic table that is designed with the letter B or is from the group numbers of 3-12.

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28
Q

Metals

A

Elements that are in he left of the heave zigzag on the periodic table. They are malleable, shiny, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. They are mostly solids at room temperature.

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29
Q

Metalloids

A

Elements with properties form both non-metals and metals. They is are located along the heavy zigzag on the periodic table. They are not that malleable, futile, nor shiny; they are mostly semiconductors of heat and electricity.

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30
Q

Non-metals

A

Elements with little or no luster that are poor conducts of heat and electricity. They are located in the right of the heavy zigzag on the periodic table. They are mostly gases at room temperature.

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31
Q

Malleable

A

Ability of an element to be hammered or pressed into thin sheets or other forms, without breaking or cracking.

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32
Q

Ductile

A

Ability of an element to be turned into wires.

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33
Q

Binary compound

A

Compound formed form only two types of elements.

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34
Q

Ternary compound

A

Compound formed of three different elements.

35
Q

Polyatomic compound

A

Compound formed of three or more elements.

36
Q

Acid

A

Compound that a starts with H and, when dissolved in water, produces H+ (Arrhenius acids; Brønsted-Lowry acids are H+ donors and Lewis acids are election acceptors)

37
Q

Base

A

Compound that ends in OH and, when dissolved in water, produce OH-. They are proton acceptors according to Brønsted-Lowry and electron donors according to Lewis.

38
Q

Oxide

A

Binary compounds resulting in the mixture of Oxygen and another element (they can be metallic or nonmetallic)

39
Q

Salt

A

Ionic bonds formed by a nonmetal and a metal (anion an action). They can be polyatomic or binary.

40
Q

Valence electrons

A

Electrons in the outermost energy level. Electrons in the highest energy level of an atom.

41
Q

Ionic bond

A

Bond formed between a cation and an anion after a permanent transfer of the valence electrons (for the cation tone anion). Attraction between the cation and anion.

42
Q

Covalent bond

A

Type of bond in which valence electrons are being shared between atoms of non-metals.

43
Q

Non-polar covalent

A

Covalent bond in which electrons are being shared easily be user he difference in electronegativities is not really big.

44
Q

Polar covalent

A

Covalent bond in which the electrons are being share unequally because the difference in electonegativites is not really big nor small.

45
Q

Ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that have an electrical charge because of a loss or gain of electrons.

46
Q

Cation

A

Positively changed ion (metals that donates electrons)

47
Q

Anion

A

Nonmetal that receives electrons and becomes the negatively charged ion.

48
Q

Polyatomic ion

A

Group of covalently bonded non-metal atoms that have an overall charge.

49
Q

Major elements

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen.

50
Q

Oxygen

A

Building block of biomolecules and water

51
Q

Carbon

A

Budding block of organic molecules and biomolecules.

52
Q

Hydrogen

A

Component of biomolecules, water and pH of body fluids, stomach acid.

53
Q

Nitrogen

A

Component of proteins and nucleic acids.

54
Q

Calcium

A

Needed for bone and teeth, muscle contraction and nerve impulses. Plastic function. Milk and dairy products.

55
Q

Iron

A

Component of oxygen carrier hemoglobin (plastic function). Raw meat, vegetables and dried fruits. It lack is called anemia.

56
Q

Phosphorus

A

Needs in bone and the teeth, nucleic acids and ATP. Takes part in the calcium metabolism and with the thyroid gland. It is found in fishes.

57
Q

Iodine

A

Regulating function. Needs for property thyroid function. Sea fish, seaweed, etc.

58
Q

Zinc

A

Antioxidant. Fish, red meat, etc. metabolic reactions, DNA synthesis, growth of borne, tissue, teeth and immune system.

59
Q

Sodium and potassium

A

Sodium is the most abundant positive ion outside the cell and potassium is the most abundant positive ion inside the cells. They balance the liquids, and function in muscle contraction and nerve impulses. Transportation function.

60
Q

Manganese

A

Enzymatic activation. Bone growth, blood clotting, metabolic reactions.

61
Q

Molybdenum

A

Needs to process Fe and N, along with being a cofactor of the enzymatic system.

62
Q

Selenium

A

Antioxidant, immune system, health of heart and pancreas.

63
Q

Copper

A

Blood vessels, pressure, immune system and glucose tolerance.

64
Q

Boron

A

Nutrient metabolism

65
Q

Chromium

A

Maintenance of blood sugar levels, synthesis of biomolecules.

66
Q

Magnesium

A

Component of bones, metabolic reaction.

67
Q

Most important in the body:

A

oxygen and carbon

68
Q

Most abundant in the universe:

A

Helium and Hidrogen

69
Q

Most abundant earth’s crust

A

Silicon and oxygen.

70
Q

Three greenhouse gases

A

CO2, CH4 (methane) and CO

71
Q

Applications of copper

A

Plumbing and electrical wires.

72
Q

Uses of silicon

A

Semiconductors and medicine

73
Q

Petroleum (usages):

A

Plastics and energy sources.

74
Q

Sources do emission of greenhouse gases

A

Industries, electrical production, machines based on fossil fuels, etc.

75
Q

Physical methods to separate mixtures

A

Filtration, chromatography, distillation.

76
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

77
Q

What is technology?

A

Practical use of scientific information.

78
Q

Chemistry and biology (study of life)

A

Biochemistry, organic chemistry (organic compounds) and molecular biology (molecular basis of biological activity)

79
Q

Chemistry and physics

A

Theoretical chemistry, fentochemistry.

80
Q

Chemistry and agriculture

A

Green chemistry and agrochemistry.

81
Q

Medicine and chemistry

A

Immunochemistry and neurochemistry

82
Q

Petroleum and chemistry

A

Petrochemistry

83
Q

Sociology

A

studies of human society

84
Q

Physics

A

Study of mechanics, heat, light and other radiations

CIDEB Chemistry 1 (2 decks)

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