ST5: Stress

Question 1

a state produced w/in an organism subject to stimulus perceived as a stressor (Hans Selye)

Answer 1

stress

Question 2

any condition that induces a detrimental change in an organism (Hans Selye)

Answer 2

stress

Question 3

A stimulus, a life event, or a set of circumstances causing a disrupted response that increases an individual’s vulnerability to illness. (Lyon and Werner)

Answer 3

stress

Question 4

A state of threatened homeostasis counteracted by a complex repertoire of physiologic and behavioral responses that re- establish homeostasis. (Tsigos, Kyrou, and Chrousos)

Answer 4

stress

Question 5

The confusion created when one’s mind overrides the body’s basic desire to choke the living daylights out of somebody who desperately needs it.

Answer 5

stress

Question 6

any type of stimulus that is inspiring or motivating

Answer 6

good stress (eustress)

Question 7

ranges from complete boredom to incapacity to deal w/ a problem

Answer 7

bad stress (distress)

Question 8

1. Most common form of stress
2. Thrilling and exciting in small doses, but too much is exhausting.
3. Does not have enough time to cause extensive damage.
4. Highly treatable and manageable.

Answer 8

acute stress

Question 9

1. Frequent acute stress
2. Individual is always in a rush, but is always late
3. Individual tends to be abrupt, and irritable comes across as
   aggression
4. Symptoms are the symptoms of extended over-arousal: persistent tension headache, migraine, hypertension, chest pain and heart diseases

Answer 9

episodic acute stress

Question 10

1. The stress that wears people away day by day
2. Destroys bodies, minds and lives
3. May be due to traumatic early childhood experiences, poverty,
   dysfunctional families, unhappy marriage, or despised job or
   career
4. People get used to it
5. May lead to suicide, violence, heart attacks, and stroke - Very difficult to treat

Answer 10

chronic stress

Question 11

Encompasses a wide range of physiological and psychological changes in response to stressors as a whole.

Answer 11

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Question 12

Focuses on the response of a specific organ or tissue to stress

Answer 12

local adaptation syndrome (LAS)

Question 13

Initial reaction of the body, which alarms the body’s defenses against the stressor:

a. ____: Release of cortisol and epinephrine; short-lived, may last for 1 min to 24 hours
b. ____: Body’s reaction to the shock phase are reversed

Answer 13

alarm reaction

a. shock phase
b. countershock phase

Question 14

1. The body attempts to cope with the stressor and limits it to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it
2. There is an effort to mobilize internal resources in order to return to a state of homeostasis, but because the perception of a threat still exists, complete homeostasis is not achieved.

Answer 14

stage of resistance

Question 15

1. Occurs if adaptation does not occur or cannot be maintained at the stage of resistance
2. Mechanisms to cope are exhausted, and effects of stress spread throughout the body
3. Long term damage may result and can lead to decompensation
4. May result in development of ulcers, depression, cardiovascular
   problems and digestive problems

Answer 15

stage of exhaustion

Question 16

refers to a cluster of time-limied behavioral and physical changes, w/c improve the changes of the individual for survival

Answer 16

stress syndrome

Question 17

activated during stress by ascending adrenergic neurons from the brainstem of by inner emotional stressors from central association areas

Answer 17

amygdala/hippocampus of limbic system

Question 18

responsible for emotion-related behaviors during strss

Answer 18

amygdala

Question 19

____, once stimulated, can directly stimulated the central components of the stress system as well as the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system

Answer 19

amygdala

Question 20

Activation of the stress system stimulates the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to release _____ which inhibit the activity of the central components of the stress system (to bring about analgesia)

Answer 20

proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides such as α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and β-endorphin

Question 21

reproductive axis is inhbiited at all levels by components of the HPA axis:

a. _____: inhibits GnRH
b. _____: inhibits GnRH release
c. _____: suppress reproductive fx at several levels

Answer 21

a. CRH
b. cortisol
c. cytokines

Question 22

Immune / Inflammatory insults result in the release of ____, which stimulate the HPA axis

Answer 22

TNF-α, IL1 and IL6

Question 23

most potent activator of HPA axis

Answer 23

IL6