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SFSaT3rd > St Chpt 8 > Flashcards

St Chpt 8 Flashcards

1
Q

An _______ Is the preferred strategy whenever conditions and resources permit an interior attack

A

Offensive fire attack

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2
Q

A____________Limits operations to the exterior, generally resulting in a large property loss and limiting rescue options

A

Defensive decision

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3
Q

The _________ Is based on staffing available to conduct an interior attack, water supply, ventilation, and most importantly a risk versus benefit analysis.

A

Offensive versus defensive decision

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4
Q

The objective of an _________ Is to apply enough water directly to the burning fuel to achieve extinguishment, thus providing a safer work Environment for firefighters, facilitating rescues, and reducing property damage.

A

Offensive fire attack

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5
Q

Are the most effective way to save lives and property, but are potentially the most dangerous strategy

A

Offensive operations

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6
Q

The _____ Is critical and the basis of the entire incident action plan

A

Offensive/defensive decision

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7
Q

Calculating the _______ Allows the incident commander to match the number And size of firelines to flow requirements

A

Calculating rate of flow

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8
Q

William Clark uses a derivation of the fire compartment volume in cubic feet divided by ________ to determine rate of flow in gallons per minute.

A

V/100

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9
Q

John Coleman notes that a hose streams extinguishing capability will generally be determined in about ______

A

30 seconds

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10
Q

He further recommends a trial and error approach in stating, “If you are at the top of a stairway and have a line directing water at a well involved second floor attic and you don’t darken down the fire within _______ or so, get more water

A

30 seconds

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11
Q

The continued use of initial attack lines when they are clearly overpowered by the fire is a sign of _____.

A

Poor training and the lack of fire ground discipline

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12
Q

Many refer to this failure to recognize the need for larger fire streams as a ________.

A

Residential mentality

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13
Q

One method of avoiding the problem of always using the same Fireline is to write _____ Requiring the use of 2 1/2 inch what happens when confronted with the fire in a large commercial building

A

SOPs Standard operating procedures

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14
Q

The success rate of the trial and error method is highly dependent on the ______ or the standard preconnected hose line

A

Flow rate

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15
Q

The ______ is probably the most commonly used method of determining flow rate.

A

Trial and error method

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16
Q

Royer Nelson formula

A

V/100

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17
Q

National fire academy formula

A

A/3

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18
Q

Is based on the very efficient cooling effect of water being converted to steam

A

Lloyd layman’s indirect attack theory

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19
Q

Recent research conducted by underwriters laboratories indicates that “________” by applying water into the fire compartment as quickly as possible, from the exterior can make conditions in the entire structure better.

A

Softening the target

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20
Q

In the absence of visible fire or heavy and/or pushing smoke conditions, the soften the target tactic _______.

A

Does not apply

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21
Q

The correct way to _______ is to apply a straight spraying or smoothbore stream at a steep angle through the window and off of the ceiling to allow water to rain down onto the burning contents and cool the hot gases.

A

Soften the target

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22
Q

Is widely used to reduce fire growth and prevent flash over by directing short blasts of water toward the ceiling

A

Pulsing

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23
Q

The _______ is based on the premise that the best rate of application is one that results in control of the fire within 30 seconds of effective application 80% efficiency

A

Royer Nelson formula

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24
Q

The major sumptuous of Royer and Nelson that structure fires are primarily__________ is true for many fires.

A

Oxygen controlled

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25
Q

Require less water than a free burning fire. Therefore, the royer nelson formula may understate the need in a well ventilated large area fire

A

Oxygen ventilation controlled fires

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26
Q

Although Clark advocates the v/100 formula, he knowledges that the progression to flashover is primarily based on the________ .

A

Ratio of the surface area of the fuel to the size of the enclosure

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27
Q

The progression to flashover begins with the fuel being heated until vapors being generated ______ ignite

A

Pyrolysis

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28
Q

The national academy developed the _____ formula for use in their fire courses.

A

A/3

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29
Q

An article by royer Nelson recognizes that the V/100 rate of flow formula is primarily a ____.

A

Planning tool

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30
Q

Large volume fires are the fires that require the application of a ______.

A

Rate of flow formula

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31
Q

Both the royer Nelson and national fire academy formulas ignore the _________; this is a substantial weakness in these formulas.

A

Fuel load and fuel type

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32
Q

If two 1 3/4 lines are not controlling a fire with a calculated rate of flow of 100 gpm the problem is probably a failure to _______

A

Effectively apply water

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33
Q

When confronted with a fire exceeding the rate of flow for two standard pre-connected hose lines with no pre-incident planned rate of flow data available, the IC will be forced to estimate the size of the involve compartment to determine the rate of flow requirement or else revert to_______.

A

Trial and error methods

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34
Q

The _______Formula is based on fuel consumption being oxygen controlled by the volume of the enclosure and does not reduce the rate of flow by the percentage of volume of the enclosure involved in the fire

A

Royer nelson formula v100

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35
Q

The ______ Is based on the area of involvement rather than the volume of the enclosure; therefore, a reduction by the area of involvement is recommended

A

National fire Academy rate of flow

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36
Q

The national fire Academy recommend a percentage of involvement modifier in applying the _____ rate of flow.

A

A3

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37
Q

Most fires Can be controlled with less then ___ during the ignition phase

A

1 gpm

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38
Q

Are the most accurate as they are based on actual fire experience and consider the important factors of area of involvement and fuel load

A

Sprinkler rate of flow calculations

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39
Q

Are not suitable for onscene use unless the pre-incident plan identifies flow requirements

A

Sprinkler rate of flow calculations

40
Q

Are more effective in getting the wet stuff directly on the red stuff and they pre wet the exposed fuel much as fire fighters with hose lines wet exposures

A

Sprinklers

41
Q

A close the royer Nelson and national fire academy rate of flow calculations systems show that the _______yields a higher rate of flow in most situations

A

National fire Academy system

42
Q

When confronted with a fire in an area that is beyond the control to standard preconnected hose lines and in which the fire flow has not been preplanned ________ may be easier to apply

A

A3

43
Q

Whether rate of flow is calculated in advance or on the fire ground, the IC should modify the formula on the basis of _____

A

Trial and error

44
Q

When the average hose lay exceeds 250 ft, it would be wise to use a _____ or larger preconnected lines to compensate for the additional friction loss.

A

2in

45
Q

Pressure loss due to elevation is ______ per foot of elevation

A

0.434

46
Q

Many fire departments use a rule of thumb calculation for elevation loss, such as _____ per floor.

A

5 psi

47
Q

Calculating friction loss is a bit more challenging than elevation, because friction loss in hose varies by size, hose type, manufacturer, age, and condition. It is best to use _________ to determine the actual friction loss in the hose carried on department apparatus.

A

Calibrated pressure gauges

48
Q

One of the advantages of a pre-connected hose line is establishing a _________, Which eliminates the need to calculate hydraulics at the incident scene

A

Standard pump discharge pressure

49
Q

Probably the most important point to be made is that departments should _______ their nozzles On a regular basis to ensure they are operating properly and to confirm the flow that can be expected from the hose nozzle configurations available on their apparatus

A

flow test

50
Q

Every department should perform flow tests On their hose and nozzle combinations using a

A

Calibrated flow meter

51
Q

A handheld line can generate a flow of up to

A

350 gpm

52
Q

NFPA 14 standard for the installation of standpipe and hose systems, requires that a sign be posted, usually at the main control valve, stating the location of the two most _______ hose connections

A

Hydraulically remote

53
Q

Standpipe outlets with a residual pressure exceeding 100 psi or a static pressure exceeding 175 psi are required to be equipped with ________.

A

Pressure reducing valves

54
Q

When selecting a nozzle/hose combination for standpipe operations, consider the pressure at the standpipe discharges and select standpipe hose and nozzles based on the _______

A

Lowest pressure

55
Q

One major disadvantage in using the aerial device for hose lines is that it is ___________.

A

No longer available for removing occupants or firefighters from the building

56
Q

From an empirical point of view, the solid core of water produced by the ______ would appear to deliver more water with better penetrating power than a straight stream or large droplet stream.

A

Solid stream nozzle

57
Q

Generally speaking, an _______ involves applying water from an interior position or an exterior position in close proximity

A

Offensive attack

58
Q

In conducting an _____, the idea is to keep ventilation to a minimum while introducing a wide angle fog stream directed at the ceiling through the smallest possible opening, such as partially closed door or window

A

Indirect attack

59
Q

Occasionally, a flat roof is covered by a peaked roof making it especially difficult to access the space between roofs.

A

Limiting openings to a small hole made to insert a piercing or larger nozzle may be the solution to this difficult fire

60
Q

The ______ is preferred in the vast majority-of situations where conditions permit an offensive attack.

A

Direct attack

61
Q

Class A fuels must be vaporized by heating the solid materials until combustible vapors are emitted; this process is known as

A

Pyrolysis

62
Q

When firefighters encounter very high heat conditions, indicative of an impending flashover, directing stream overhead _______ is advised, but this should be done using short intermittent blasts with a straight stream aimed at the ceiling in a pulsing fashion before actually entering the fire compartment

A

Pulsing

63
Q

Another way to soften the target is to apply water to the fire from an exterior opening. This approach is sometimes referred to as a _________.

A

Transitional attack

64
Q

The ______ involves directing a stream from the exterior into a room that is involved in fire where the fire has self vented

A

Transitional attack

65
Q

Fire can also extend vertically up the exterior of the building from windows or other openings on the fire floor. All of these potential routes of fire extension within the building are classified as ____ and need to be checked and protected with a hose line as required.

A

Internal exposures

66
Q

Fire can extend to adjacent buildings _____as well.

A

External exposures

67
Q

For most situations, the maximum outlet pressure to a flowing hose line will be _____.

A

100 psi

68
Q

Mathematically the rates of flow would be equal for a ____ ceiling

A

33 1/3

69
Q

The threat to human life is always the _______

A

First consideration

70
Q

Only in situations in which flows excess of 1000 gpm are anticipated from a single pumper or for extremely long relay lines (over 700 ft) is it necessary to place another ______ in a large diameter hose water supply layout

A

Pumper

71
Q

Venting is normally considered an offensive tactic however, the _____ is sometimes referred to as a defensive cut

A

Trench cut

72
Q

Can be used in any large structure and are particularly suited to U shaped apartment buildings and garden apartments

A

Trench cuts

73
Q

The 2000 ft two story single family dwelling with no basement and no exposures is sometimes referred to as a “______”

A

Low hazard occupancy

74
Q

A _____ has the staffing necessary to function as a unit, such as an engine company, a truck company, or medic unit.

A

Staged apparatus

75
Q

Apparatus without adequate staffing are classified as _______ rather than staged

A

Out of service or parked

76
Q

Proponents of ________ claim that the product is superior to untreated water when used as a suppression agent or to protect exposures from radiant heat.

A

Class A foam

77
Q

The second expected advantage of class A foam is that there is less water damage because _______.

A

Less water is used

78
Q

Finally, prewetting fuels and providing a foam layer on an exposure seem to be the most useful applications of ______ in an urban or suburban setting.

A

Class A

79
Q

Given the difficulty in calculating rate of flow at the fire scene, a strong recommendation is made to include the rate of flow as part of the preincident plan information when the flow exceeds the capabilities of the _______ used by the department

A

Two standard initial attack hose lines

80
Q

Are based on the area or volume of the compartment on fire

A

Rate of calculations

81
Q

By taking the concept of matching the hose line to the rate of flow one step further, it is possible to determine in advance the number and size of hose lines needed to combat fires in dwellings, apartment buildings, and small businesses. This is a form of preincident planning that is, preincident planning by

A

General occupancy

82
Q

A 1 3/4 in. hose line is acceptable only when using the

A

V/100 formula royer Nelson

83
Q

Given that the national fire academy figures tend to overstate the case, and there should always be a back up line, it can be concluded with a fair degree of confidence that fires within one and two family dwellings are normally within the flow capabilities of a ______ with back up line

A

1 3/4 in or 2 in.

84
Q

Properties that are already equipped with a sprinkler system should have a ________ with all of the required water flow requirements stamped into the plate

A

Plate on the riser

85
Q

Royer and Nelson assume an _____ efficiency in getting water into the immediate fire area

A

80%

86
Q

Assuming that the first arriving company will place a 1 3/4 in. or larger attack line in position, the _______ method is generally applied

A

Trial and error method

87
Q

When more than two 1 3/4 in hose lines are needed to control the main body of fire, there is an obvious need for_____ hoselines if an offensive attack is to continue

A

2 1/2 in

88
Q

Applying water to the fire for 15 seconds in a small residential fire prior to making entry or just an entry is made ______, reducing heat

A

Softens the target

89
Q

Just as with softening the target attack, the fire stream is applied for a short time to knock down a heavy volume of fire, making entry possible. The fire stream should be a handheld _______, not a fog stream or master stream

A

Solid or straight stream

90
Q

There are times when the fire is shielded by non burning materials, such as in a warehouse with rows of high stacked commodities. If possible, the hose should be moved to a position that allows a direct attack. If this is not possible, then _______

A

Deflecting a solid or straight stream off of the ceiling and allowing the droplets to fall on the fuel is an alternative

91
Q

Protecting exposures can involve hose lines on the exterior or interior of the exposed building. When working on the exterior, _____ are often the streams of choice.

A

Master streams

92
Q

In an area with hydrants, providing at least _____ for a working structure fire is considered good practice

A

Two water supplies

93
Q

Where the water supply is limited or non existent, consider using two pumpers or other means such a water tender, to augment the ______ to the pumper.

A

Water supply

94
Q

Remember, for offensive operations, a minimum _____ must be capable of supplying the calculated rate of flow plus back up lines and other lines used to protect exposures

A

Water supply layout

95
Q

During large scale incidents apparatus are often assigned to a

A

Staging area

SFSaT3rd (12 decks)

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