SSE FINAL 2ND SEM Flashcards
political concept
community of person, who are more or less numerous, occupying a territory, having government, and sovereignty
state
the origin of states: (theories)
- divine right theory
- force/necessity theory
- paternalistic theory
- instinctive theory
- economic theory
- social contract theory
origin of the state:
based from the bible (choosing king/leader)
divine right theory
the origion of state based:
history
colonization leading to a slavery
force/necessity theory
the origin of the state based on
the bible
the geneology of jesus christ (patriarch)
paternalistic theory
the origin of the state based on
intuition
more on psychology based
instinctive theory
the origin of the state based on
productivity
knowing how to utilize the ability of the members
economic theory
the origin of the state based on
the obligation of an individual as a citizen of a state
social contract theory
three notable person in the social contract theory
thomas hobbes
jean jacque rousseau
john locke
the elemrnt of the state
- people
- territory
- government
- sovereignty
an element of the state that pertains to the inhabitants or citizens of the state
people
3 types of citizenship
natural born
dual citizen
naturalize
an element of that state that pertains to boundary or jurisdiction of the state
territory
territories:
fluvial (maritime)
terrestrial (land domain)
arial (air space)
an element of the state that pertains tl the is responsible for maintainin its existence and carry its functions
government
purpose/necessity of the gov
- peace and order
- national security
- promote general welfare
- public morality
- liberty and justice
- economic development
branches of the government
executive
legislative
judicial
branch of the gov:
makes the law
legislative
branch of gov:
execute/approves the law
executive
branch of gov:
interpret/ evaluate the law
judicial
COURTS:
regular court
special court
regular court:
municipal trial court
metropolitan trial court
regional trial court
supreme court
court of appeals
special courts:
ombudsman
court of tax appeals
sandiganbayan
FORMS OF THE GOV in terms of the number of ruler/leader
monarchy
democracy
oligarchy
monarchy
constitutional monarchy : prime minister
absoulate monarchy: solely king/queen
the rule of the elite
aristocrats
aristocracy/oligarchy
voted by the mass/ppl
democracy
(pue/direct demoracy, republican/representative democracy)
the supreme power of the state
external: can participate/negotiate with countries
internal: authority within own territory
sovereignty
ethnic concept
cultural identity without the statehood
religious beliefs, spiritual, ethnicity
nation
political leaders
not inherited
no formal authority
encourage his ppl/tribe to be a leader
intensify production
bigman
headed by a chief
inherited position
various communities that come together
barangay: smallest unit of government
chiefdom
occurs when the actions of an influencing agent change the attitude, beliefs, or behaviors, of their target
social influence
CATEGORIES OF POWER
reward power
personal power
a power that is dependend on one’s social positioning witin the organization
reward power
a power that the basis is defined by one’s followers
personal power
FIVE BASIS OF POWER
- reward power
- legitimate power
- referent power
- expert power
- coercive power
the ability to issue rewards for compliance (type of reward power)
reward power
formal right to give out directions and commands, due to their social positioning (type of reward power)
legitimate power
when an influencing agent’s experience or knowledge allows targets to influence to trust them (type of personal power)
expert power
trust of respect afforded to an influence agent, typically based on their general disposition and behavior (type of personal power
referent power
Coeformal power source, where influencing agent use the threat of force to gain compliance from targets of influence. can include: social, emotional, political, physival, economic means and is not always recognized by the target
coercive power
one of the most fully developed bodies of theory in social sciences, one that has advanced the field of national security by illuminating the logic that underlies threats, violence, and war
thomas crombie schelling: arms and influence (1996)
coercion theory
Fundamental Strategies in the Use to Military Force
annihilation
erosion
make enemy helpless to resist, by physically destroying his military capabilities
annihilation
to convice the enemy to accept terms will be less painful than continuing to agress to resist
erosion
coercion is about future pain, about structuring the enemy’s incentives so that he behaves in a particular way. it manipulates the power to hurt and involves making a threat to do something one has not yet done
the coercer forces another actor to calculate, force, decide based on his own interests and position-wheter or not to resist the threat being made
threats
involves a threat to keep an adversary “from starting something” or to prevent from action by fear of consequences
deterrence
a threat intended to make an adversary do something
compellence
forcible action
land power, crucial. if an army can control the situation on the ground. it ultimately can dispense with seekin and adversary’s cooperation
if strong enough, an army can remove an existing government and replace it with one that is more congenial to the political authorities
brute force
the capacity to assert control by creating desirable, legitimate, values without involving unconventional means
majorly associated with politics. orginates from set rules and guidelines
one can influence
social power
TYPES OF SOCIAL POWER
legal domination
traditional domination
charismatic domination
popular belief in the legality of established laws and the power-bearer’s right to mandate and exercise domination according to then
legal domination
popular belief in the sacredness of existing traditions and the legitimacy of using these traditions to exercise authority
traditional domination
popular belief in the holiness, heroism, or exemplary status of a person or legal system developed by them
charismatic domination
an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or group of gods
religion
resomething done with overanxious or scrupulous attention to detail
religio
to tie together or to bind fast)
religare
common characteristics of religion
community
creed
code
cult
Three philosophical views
atheists, theists, agnostics
belief in deity (cult)
believe that no deity exists
atheist
believe in deity or deities
theists
say the exitence of deity cannot be proved or disprove
agnostics
based on the belief that people are in some danger from which they must be saved
major religions: islam, christianity, buddhism, and hinduism tress the salvation is the highest goal of faithful and one all the followers should try to achieve
doctrine of salvation (creed)
based on the belief that people are in some danger from which they must be saved
major religions: islam, christianity, buddhism, and hinduism tress the salvation is the highest goal of faithful and one all the followers should try to achieve
doctrine of salvation (creed)
set of moral teachings and values that all religions have in some form
such code or ethics tell believers how to conduct their lives
instruct them how to act toward the deity and one another
code of conduct (code)
acts and ceremonies by which believers appeal to and serve God, deties, and other sacred power
commemorate events in historyof religions and mark important events in a person’s life
service, meditation, pilgrimages
religious rituals (community)
performance on ritual
service
most common prayer in some asian religion
meditation
ritual intended to purify the soul
pilgrimages
theories on the origin of religion
animistic theory
wish fulfillment theory
nature worship theory
magic theory
theory of original monotheism
Edwar Burnett Taylor:
Robert Henry Cordington:
animistic theories
primitive ppl believe in soul found in all nature and they offer sacrifice to these spirits
Edward Burnett Taylor animistic theory
mysterious force that inhabitated all of nature
robert henry cordington animistic theory
mysterious force that inhabitated all of nature
robert henry cordington animistic theory
primitive ppl identified, personified, and creates myths about the regularity of the seasons, the phases of the moon, and the tides
nature worship theory
primitive ppl identified, personified, and creates myths about the regularity of the seasons, the phases of the moon, and the tides
nature worship theory
primitive ppl identified, personified, and creates myths about the regularity of the seasons, the phases of the moon, and the tides
nature worship theory
Wilhelm Schmidt
theory of original monotheism
Wilhelm Schmidt
theory of original monotheism
there have been one great god all above all others but he went away and had little contact with the world that resulted to worship local deties
wilhelm schmidt theory of original monotheism
there have been one great god all above all others but he went away and had little contact with the world that resulted to worship local deties
wilhelm schmidt theory of original monotheism
ppl had gone three phases of development consuming the spirit world (1) primitive magiv, (2) religion, (3) science
james george frazer magic theory
ppl had gone three phases of development consuming the spirit world (1) primitive magiv, (2) religion, (3) science
james george frazer magic theory
Wish Fulfillment Theory
ludwig andres von feuerbach
karl heinrich marx
sigmunf freud
Wish Fulfillment Theory
ludwig andres von feuerbach
karl heinrich marx
sigmunf freud
troubled ppl who could not cope withthe difficulties in life projected their wishes and developeed gods and religions
ludwig andres von feuerbach wish fulfillment theory
troubled ppl who could not cope withthe difficulties in life projected their wishes and developeed gods and religions
ludwig andres von feuerbach wish fulfillment theory
religions were created by the few as a means to control the masses and suppress revolution as a result of a continuing struggle between classes. masses were persuaded to accept poverty and be obedient to inherit bliss in another life
karl heinrich marx wish fulfillment theory
religions were created by the few as a means to control the masses and suppress revolution as a result of a continuing struggle between classes. masses were persuaded to accept poverty and be obedient to inherit bliss in another life
karl heinrich marx wish fulfillment theory
religions originated from the guilt that individuals supposedly feel in hating their fathers. as a result of this subconscious hatred and ensuing guilt, a great father image was projected in the sky called God
sigmund freud wish fulfillment theory
religions originated from the guilt that individuals supposedly feel in hating their fathers. as a result of this subconscious hatred and ensuing guilt, a great father image was projected in the sky called God
sigmund freud wish fulfillment theory
human need for meaning and purpose: provides ppl with a framework for understandting the world around them and for making sense in their place within it
coping with existential question: helps to cope with the meaning of life, nature of death, problem of devil. by answering these questions, ppl find comfort and solace in the face of life challenges
promoting Social Cohesion: involved shared rituals, symbols, and value that help to create a sense of community among believers
explaning natural phenomena: religion has also been used to explain natural phenomena such as the seasons, the weathers, cycles of life and death. ppl saw themselves as part of a larger cosmic order
seeking guidance and protection: this may involve praying for blessing,making offering to deties. ppl feel more empowered to overcome challenges and achieve their goals
THE UNIVERSALITY OF RELIGION/REASON
monotheistic vs polytheistic religion: number of gods
rituals and practices: baptism (christia), fasting (islam), offering food to deties (hindu)
interpretation of religious text: diff interpretation on each religious text
religion and gender: shaping gender roles and expectations. some religions, women are not allowed to take certain roles
variations in religion and rituals
environmetal stewardship: beliefs and practices were closely tied to natural world
resilience in the face of adversity: have provided ppl comfort and hope in times of crisis and helped to foster social cohesion and community support network
cross-cultural adpatation: many religious traditions have spread across different culture and have helped to facilitate the exchabge of goods, ideas, and technologies
adaptation to social change: have adapated social changes such as gender roles to promote social justice and equality
religion and adaptation
world major religions
- animism
- hinduism
- buddhism
- christianity
- judaism
- islam
the belief of all living and non-living things in nature have spirit
was the belief system of many early civilizations
dates to the earliest human and still exists.
exist in traditional african, asian, american, and aboriginals culture
can be practiced by anyone who believes in spirituality, but does not prescribe to an organized religion
animism
has no single founder
• originated from the mixing of harappan and aryan cultures in ancient inda around 1500 BCE
hindus believe in one unifying spirit.
brahman can manifest many (polytheistic) forms or one (monotheistic)
reincarnation
the soul moves up and down a hierarchy depending on their behavior in life
a person moves closer to Brahman by observing the law of karma
good deeds = following your dharma
CASTE SYSTEM:
hinduism
the sacred text of hinduism
vedas
hindus believe in one unifying spirit
it can manifest into many (polytheistic) forms or one (monotheistic)
brahman
based on the concept of the spirit comes back again and again to be one with brahman
reincarnation
sum of all your good deeds and bad
law of karma
duties dependent on your position, gender, and occupation
dharma
outlaw since 1948. calasses into which a person is born and lives their entire life. person has a good karma = higher caste
caste system
priest, teachers
brahmin
warriors and rulers
kshatriya
farmers, traders, merchants
vaisya
laborers
sudra
untouchables, streetsweepers
dalit
founded by siddharta gautama
buddhism
today’s leadin buddhist
dalai lama
buddhis is based on four notable truths
- all life is sufferin
- sufferin is caused by the desire of things that are illusion
- the way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire
- following the eight fold path will help people overcome desire
eightfold path
right view
right intention
right speech
right action
right livelihood
right effort
right concentration
right mindfulness
scared text of buddhism
tripitraka
one of the first monotheistic religion, originated from middle east
judaism
sacred text of judaism
torah
jews were discriminated and kcked out of their homeland, israel
diaspora
originated in the middle east with prophet muhammad
islam
born in mecca and traveled into medina
muhammad
sacred text of islam
quran
the journey of muhammad that became the founding of islam
hijra
collection of islamic law
sharia
the five pillars of islam
shahada
salat
zakat
sawm
hajj
