SSD Terminology

Question 1

What are the categories of manner in speech sounds?

Answer 1

The categories of manner in speech sounds are obstruents and sonorants.

Question 2

Name the three subcategories of obstruents.

Answer 2

The subcategories of obstruents are stop (plosive), fricative, and affricate.

Question 3

Name the three subcategories of sonorants.

Answer 3

The subcategories of sonorants are nasal, liquid, and glide.

Question 4

List the places of articulation for consonant sounds.

Answer 4

The places of articulation are labial, coronal, dorsal, and glottal.

Question 5

Provide examples of labial places of articulation.

Answer 5

Bilabial and labiodental are examples of labial places of articulation.

Question 6

What are the coronal places of articulation?

Answer 6

Interdental, alveolar, and palatal are the coronal places of articulation.

Question 7

Name the dorsal places of articulation.

Answer 7

Velar and glottal are the dorsal places of articulation.

Question 8

What is an approximant consonant?

Answer 8

An approximant is a consonant made with little obstruction to the airflow. Examples in English include /l/, /r/, /w/, and /j/.

Question 9

What is the significance of the audiogram?

Answer 9

An audiogram is a graph that represents hearing thresholds in decibels hearing level (dB HL) as a function of speech frequency measured in Hertz (Hz).

Question 10

What does the 0 dB HL level represent on an audiogram?

Answer 10

The 0 dB HL level on an audiogram represents the softest sound heard on average at each frequency by young, otologically normal adults.

Question 11

What is backing in phonology?

Answer 11

Backing occurs when /k/ and /g/ replace /t/ and /d/ respectively. It is not a natural developmental process and may indicate speech issues.

Question 12

What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)?

Answer 12

CAS is a rare motor speech sound disorder where a child struggles with planning and sequencing speech movements, often with prosody issues.

Question 13

What is Cluster Reduction?

Answer 13

Cluster Reduction is a phonological process where a consonant cluster is omitted, reduced, or replaced in speech.

Question 14

Describe a consonant chart.

Answer 14

A consonant chart is a grid with manner of articulation on the vertical axis and place of articulation on the horizontal axis, providing phonetic symbols for each cell.

Question 15

Differentiate between an approximant and a fricative.

Answer 15

An approximant is a consonant with little airflow obstruction, while a fricative involves continuous airflow through a narrow passage.

Question 16

What is the purpose of a PVM chart?

Answer 16

A PVM chart displays the consonants of a language, categorizing them based on place, voice, and manner of articulation.

Question 17

What is the role of the voiced glide /w/ in English?

Answer 17

The voiced glide /w/ is included twice due to its two places of articulation: bilabial and velar.

Question 18

Explain the term ‘receptive-expressive gap’ in CAS.

Answer 18

The term ‘receptive-expressive gap’ refers to the situation where a child with CAS understands language better than they can use it to express themselves.

Question 19

What was CAS previously referred to as?

Answer 19

CAS was previously referred to as ‘dyspraxia’, ‘verbal dyspraxia’, ‘articulatory dyspraxia’, and ‘developmental verbal dyspraxia’ (DVD).

Question 20

How does a consonant chart differ from a PVM chart?

Answer 20

A consonant chart provides more detailed information, showing voice distinctions within cells, unlike a PVM chart that categorizes based on broader features.

Question 21

What is a consonant cluster?

Answer 21

A consonant cluster is a sequence of 2 or more consonants in a row, like /fl/ in ‘fly’ and /skw/ in ‘squid’.

Question 22

What is consonant harmony?

Answer 22

Consonant harmony is a phonological process where one sound influences the pronunciation of another sound in a word, such as ‘tittytat’ for ‘kittycat’.

Question 23

What is dental articulation?

Answer 23

Dental consonants involve contact between the teeth and another articulator, like labiodental and interdental sounds.

Question 24

Define final consonant deletion.

Answer 24

Final consonant deletion is a phonological process where children omit the final consonants of words, such as ‘time’ pronounced as ‘tie’.

Question 25

What is initial consonant deletion?

Answer 25

Initial consonant deletion is when a child omits the first sound of words or syllables, often found in Finnish, French, and Hebrew.

Question 26

What is intelligibility?

Answer 26

Intelligibility is the proportion of a speaker’s output that a listener can understand, improving in typically developing speech

Question 27

What are the manners of articulation for consonants?

Answer 27

Manners of articulation are Stop, Fricative, Affricate, Nasal, Liquid, and Glide.

Question 28

What is consonant backing?

Answer 28

Consonant backing occurs when /k/ and /g/ replace /t/ and /d/ respectively, indicating possible speech issues.

Question 29

Define Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS).

Answer 29

CAS is a rare motor speech disorder where children struggle with speech movement planning and sequencing, often accompanied by language difficulties.

Question 30

Explain cluster reduction.

Answer 30

Cluster reduction is a phonological process where a consonant cluster is omitted, reduced, or replaced in speech.

Question 31

What is a consonant chart?

Answer 31

A consonant chart categorizes consonants by place and manner of articulation, often provided by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Question 32

What is palatal fronting?

Answer 32

Palatal fronting is when /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ become /s/ and /z/ respectively, like ‘shipshape’ pronounced as ‘sipsape’.

Question 33

Define phoneme at the phonemic level.

Answer 33

Phonemes are the smallest sound units in a language, forming distinctive sound contrasts for meaningful communication.

Question 34

What is phonemic development?

Answer 34

Phonemic development is the gradual acquisition of an adult-like speech sound system by children, enabling them to produce contrasting sounds.

Question 35

What is a phonological disorder?

Answer 35

A phonological disorder is a speech sound disorder affecting the phonological (phonemic) level, leading to poor speech intelligibility.

Question 36

Explain phonological processes

Answer 36

Phonological processes describe simplified speech productions commonly found in young children learning to talk, like Final Consonant Deletion or Cluster Reduction.

Question 37

Define place of articulation.

Answer 37

Place of articulation refers to where airflow obstruction or constriction occurs in the vocal tract when producing consonants.

Question 38

What are plosive consonants?

Answer 38

Plosive or stop consonants like /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /ɡ/ and /Ɂ/ are produced by a complete airflow obstruction followed by a release, causing a sharp noise.