SSCP Glossary of Terms Flashcards
1
Q
6to4
A
Transition mechanism for migrating from IPv4 to IPv6. It allows systems to use IPv6 to communicate if their traffic has to transverse an IPv4 network.
2
Q
Absolute Addresses
A
Hardware addresses used by the CPU
3
Q
Abstraction
A
The capability to suppress unnecessary details so the important, inherent properties can be examined and reviewed.
4
Q
Accepted Ways for Handling Risk
A
Accept, Transfer, Mitigate, Avoid
5
Q
Access
A
The flow of information between a subject and an object.
6
Q
AC Matrix
A
Table of subjects and objects indicating what actions individual subjects can take upon individual objects.
7
Q
AC Model
A
Framework that dictates how subjects access objects.
8
Q
Access Controls
A
Security features that control how users and systems communicate and interact with others systems and resources.
9
Q
Accreditation
A
Formal acceptance of the adequacy of a system’s overall security by management.
10
Q
Active Attack
A
Attack where the attacker does interact with processing or communication activities.
11
Q
ActiveX
A
Microsoft Technology composed of a set of OOP technologies and tolls based on COM and DCOM.
Framework for defining reusable software components in a programming language-independent manner.
12
Q
Address Bus
A
Physical connections between processing components and memory segments used to communicate the physical memory addresses begin used during processing procedures.
13
Q
ARP
A
ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL
Networking protocol used for resolution of network layer IP addresses into link layer MAC Addresses
14
Q
ASLR
A
ADDRESS SPACE LAYOUT RANDOMIZATION
Memory protection mechanism used by some operating systems. The addresses used by components of a process are randomized so that it is harder for an attacker to exploit specific memory vulnerabilities.
15
Q
Algebraic Attack
A
Cryptoanalysis attack that exploits vulnerabilities within the intrinsic algebraic structure of mathematical functions.
16
Q
Algorithm
A
Set of mathematical and logic rules used in cryptographic functions.
17
Q
Analog Signals
A
Continuously varying electromagnetic wave that represents and transmits data.
18
Q
Analytic Attack
A
Cryptanalysis attack that exploits vulnerabilities within the algorithm structure.
19
Q
ALE
A
ANNUALIZED LOSS EXPECTANCY
Annual expected loss if a specific vulnerability is exploited and how ti affects a single assest.
SLE x ARO = ALE
20
Q
API
A
APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE
Software interface that enables process-to-process interaction.
21
Q
ALU
A
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
A component of the computer’s processing unit in which arithmetic and matching operations are performed.
22
Q
AZ/NZS 4360
A
Australia and NZ business risk management approach
23
Q
Assemblers
A
Tools that convert assembly code into the necessary machine-compatible binary language for processing activities to take place.
24
Q
Assembly Language
A
A low-level programming language that is the mnemonic representation of machine-level instructions.
25
Assurance evaluation criteria
Check-list and process of examining the security -relevant parts of a system (TECB, reference monitor, security kernel) and assigning the system an assurance rating.
26
Asymmetric algorithm
Encryption method that uses two different key types, public and private.
Also call Public Key Cryptography
27
Asymmetric mode multiprocessing
When a computer has two or more CPU's and one CPU is dedicated to a specific program while the other carries out general processing procedures
28
Asynchronous Communication
Transmission sequencing technology that uses start and stop bits or similar encoding mechanism. Used in environments that transmit a variable amount of data in a periodic fashion
29
Asynchronous token generating method
Employs a challenge/response scheme to authenticate the user.
30
Attack surface
Components available to be used by an attacker against the product itself.
31
Attenuation
Gradual loss in intensity of any kind of flux through a medium. As an electrical signal travels down a cable, the signal can degrade and distort or corrupt the data it is carrying.
32
Attribute
A column in a 2-d database
33
AH Protocol
Authentication Header Protocol
Protocol within the IPSec suite used for integrity and authentication.
34
Authenticode
A type of code singing, which is the process of digitally signing software components and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted since it was digitally signed. Microsoft's implementation of code signing.
35
Availability
Reliable and timely access to data and resources is provide to authorized individuals.
36
Avalanche Effect
Algorithm design requirement so that slight changes to the input result in drastic changes to the output.
37
Base registers
Beginning of address space assigned to a process. Used to ensure a process does not make a request outside its assigned memory boundaries
38
Base-band Transmissions
uses the full bandwidth for only one communication channel and has a low data transfer rate compared to broadband.
39
Bastion host
A highly exposed device that will most likely be targeted for attacks, and thus should be hardened.
40
Behavior blocking
Allowing the suspicious code to execute within the OS and watches its interactions with the OS, loosing for suspicious activities.
41
Birthday Attack
Cryptographic attack that exploits the mathematics behind the bday problem in the probability theory forces collisions within hashing functions
42
Block Cipher
Symmetric algorithm type that encrypts chucks (blocks) of data at a time.
43
Blowfish
Block symmetric cipher that users 64-bit block sizes and variable-length keys
44
BGP
Border Gateway Protocol
Protocol that carries out core routing decision on the internet. Maintains a table of IP networks 'prefixies'
45
Bots
Software applications that run automated tasks over the internet, which perform tasks that are both simple and structurally repetitive.
46
Botnet
Centrally controlled collection of bots
47
Broadband Transmission
Divides the bandwidth of a communication channel into many channels, enabling different types of data to be transmitted at one time.
48
Buffer overflow
Too much data is put into the buffers that make up a stack. Common attack vector used by attackers to run malicious code on a target system.
49
Bus Topology
Systems are connected to a single transmission channel.
50
BCM
Business Continuity Management
Overarching approach to managing all aspects of BCP and DRP
51
BCP
Business Continuity Plan
Document or set of documents that contains the critical information a business needs to stay running in spite of adverse events.
Aka emergency plan.
52
BIA
Business Impact Analysis
Exercise that determines the impact of losing the support of any resource to an organization.
53
Cable Modem
Device that provides bidirectional data communication via RF.
54
Cache Memory
Fast memory type that is used by a CPU to increase read and write operations.
55
Caesar Cipher
Substitution Algorithm that shifts alphabetic values three positions during it's encryption and decryption process.
56
CMMI
Capability Maturity Model Integration
Process of improvement methodology that provides guidance for quality improvement and point of reference for appraising existing processes. Developed by Carnegie Mellon.
57
CMMI Model
Capability Maturity Model Integration Model
Process improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements of effective processes.
58
Capability Table
Specifies the access rights a certain subject possesses pertaining to specific objects.
CT - Subject is bound
ACL - Object is bound
59
CSMA/CA
Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance LANs using carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance require devices to announce their intention to transmit by broadcasting a jamming signal.
60
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Devices on a LAN listen for a carrier before transmitting data.
61
CBC-MAC
Cipher block chaining message authentication code uses encryption for data integrity and data origin authentication.
62
Cell
An intersection of a row and a column
63
Cell Suppression
A technique used to hide specific cells that contain sensitive information.
64
CPU
Central Processing Unit
Part of a computer that performs the logic, computation, and decision-making functions. It interprets and executes instructions as it receives them.
65
Certificate
Digital identity used with a PKI. Generated and maintained by a certificate authority and used for authentication.
66
CRL
Certificate Revocation List
List that is maintained by the certificate authority of a PKI that contains information on all of the digital certificates that have been revoked.
67
Certification
Technical evaluation of the security components and their compliance to a predefined security policy for the purpose of accreditation.
68
Certification Authority
Component of a PKI that creates and maintains digital certificates throughout their life cycles.
69
Change Control
Process of controlling the changes that take place during the life cycle of a system and documenting the necessary change control activities.
70
CSU
Channel Service Unit
A line bridging device for use with T-carriers and that is required by PSTN provider at digital interface that terminate in a data service unit on the customer side.
71
DSU
Data Service Unit
Telecom circuit terminating equipment that transforms digital data between telephone company lines and local equipment.
72
Checklist Test
Copies of the plan are handed out to each functional area for examination to ensure the plan properly deals with area's needs and vulnerabilities.
73
Chosen-Ciphertext attack
Crypt-analysis attack where the attacker chooses a ciphertext and obtains its decryption under an unknown key.
74
Chosen-plaintext Attack
Cryptanalysis attack where the attacker can choose arbitrary plaintexts to be encrypted and obtain the corresponding ciphertexts.
75
Cipher
Another name of an algorithm.
76
Ciphertext-only attack
Cryptanalysis attack where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts.
77
CIDR
Classless Interdomain Routing
A method for using the existing 32-bit internet address space efficiently.
78
Client-Side Validation
Input validation is done at the client before it is even sent back to the server to process.
79
Clipping Level
A threshold.
80
Closed System
Designs are built upon proprietary procedures, which inhibit interoperability capabilities.
81
CMAC
Cipher message authentication code
Based upon and provides more security than CBC-MAC
82
CMM
Block cipher mode that combines the CTR encryption mode and CBC-MAC. One encryption key is used for both authentication and encryption purposes.
83
CobiT
Set of control objectives used as a framework for IT governance developed by ISACA and the ITGI
84
Cognitive Passwords
Fact- or opinion-based information used to verify an individual's identity.
85
Cohesion
A measurement that indicates how many different types of tasks a module needs to carry out.
86
Cold Site
Is just a building with power, raised floors, and utilities. No devices are available. This is the cheapest of the three options but can take weeks to get up and operational.
87
Collision
(1) A condition that is present when two or more terminals are in contention during simultaneous access attempts.
(2) In Cryptography, an instance when a has function generates the same output for different inputs.
88
Collusion
Two or more people working together to carry out fraudulent activities.
89
Common Criteria
International standard used to assess the effectiveness of the security controls built into a system from functional and assurance perspectives.
90
Compilers
Tools that convert high-level language statements into the necessary machine-level format for specific processors to understand.
91
Compression Viruses
Another type of virus that appends itself to executables on the system and compresses them by using the user's permissions.
92
Concealment Cipher
Encryption method that hides a secret message within an open message.
93
Confusion
Substitution processes used in encryption functions to increase randomness.
94
Content-Based Access
Bases access decisions on the sensitivity of the data, not solely on subject identity.
95
Context-Based Access
Bases access decisions on the state of the situation, not solely on identity or content sensitivity.
96
Different Types on Control Functions (6)
Deterrent - Discourage Attacker
Preventive - Stop an incident from occurring
Corrective - Fix items after an incident has occurred
Recovery - Restore necessary components to return to normal operations
Detective - Identify an incident's activities after it took place
Compensating - Alternative control that provides similar protection as the original control.
97
Control Types
Administrative, Technical (logical), and Physical
98
Control Unit
Part of the CPU that oversees the collection of instructions and data from memory and how they are passed to the processing components of the CPU.
99
Cookies
Data files used by web browsers and servers to keep browser state information and browsing preferences.
100
Cooperative Multitasking
Multitasking scheduling scheme used by older OS to allow for computer resource time slicing.
101
Copyright
A form of protection granted by law for original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression.
102
COSO
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations
Internal Control Model used for corporate governance to help prevent fraud developed by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
103
Coupling
A measurement that indicates how much interaction one module requires for carrying out its tasks.
104
CRAMM
CCTA Risk Analysis and Management Method
105
CCTA
Central Computing and Telecommunications Agency
106
XSS Attack
Cross-Site scripting Attack
An attack where a vulnerability is found on a website that allows an attacker to inject malicious code into a web application.
107
Crytanalysis
Practice of uncovering flaws within Cryptosystems.
108
Cyptography
Science of secret writing that enables an entity to store and transmit data in a form that is available only to the intended individuals.
109
Cryptology
The study of both cryptography and cryptanalysis
110
Cryptosystem
Hardware of software implementation of cryptography that contains all the necessary software, protocols, algorithms and keys.
111
Data Bus
Physical connections between processing components and memory segments used to transmit data being used during processing procedures.
112
Data Custodian
Individual responsible for implementing and maintaining security controls to meet security requirements outlined by data owner.
113
Data Dictionary
Central repository of data elements and their relationships.
114
Data Diddling
The act of willfully modifying information, programs, or documentation in an effort to commit fraud or disrupt production.
115
DEP
Data Execution Prevention
Memory protection mechanism used by some operation systems. Memory segments may be marked as non-executable so that they cannot be misused by malicious software.
116
Data Hiding
Use of segregation in design decisions to protect software components from negatively interacting with each other. Commonly enforced through strict interfaces.
117
Data Mining
A methodology used by organizations to better understand their customers, products, markets, or any other phase of the business.
118
Data Modeling
Considers data independently of the way the data are processed and of the components that process the data. A process used to define and analyze data requirements needed to support the business processes.
119
Data Owner
Individual responsible for the protection and classification of a specific data set.
120
Data Structure
A representation of the logical relationship between elements of data.
121
Data Warehousing
Combines Data from multiple databases or data sources into a large database for the purpose of providing more extensive information retrieval and data analysis.
122
Database
A cross-reference collection of data.
123
DBMS
Database management system
Manages and Controls the Database
124
Decipher
Act of transforming data into a readable format.
125
Defense-in-depth
Implementation of multiple controls so that successful penetration and compromise is more difficult to attain.
126
Delphi Method
Data collection method that happens in an anonymous fashion.
127
Differential Crytanalysis
Cryptanalysis method that uses the study of how differences in an input can affect the resultant difference at the output.
128
Diffie-Hellman Algorithm
First asymmetric algorithm created and is used to exchange symmetric key values. Based upon logarithms in finite fields.
129
Diffusion
Transportation processes used in encryption functions to increase randomness.
130
DRM
Digital Rights Management
Access Control technologies commonly used to protect copyright material.
131
Digital Signals
Binary digits are represented and transmitted as discrete electrical pulses.
132
Digital Signature
Ensuring the authenticity and integrity of a message through the use of hashing algorithms and asymmetric algorithms. The message digest is encrypted with the sender's private key.
133
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
A set of technologies that provide Internet access by transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone network. DSL is used to digitize the 'last mile' and provide fast Internet Connectivity.
134
Distance-vector routing protocol
A routing protocol that calculates paths based on the distance (or number of hops) and a vector (a direction).
135
DNS Zone transfer
The process of replicating the databases containing the DNS data across a set of DNS servers.
136
DNSSEC
A set of extensions to DNS that provide to DNS clients (resolvers) origin authentication of DNS data to reduce the threat of DNS poisoning, spoofing, and similar attack types.
137
DoDAF
US Department of Defense architecture framework that ensures interoperability of systems to meet military mission goals.
138
DNS
Domain Name Server A hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to an IP-based network. It associates various pieces of information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities.
139
Dual-Homed Firewall
Device has two interfaces and sits between an untrusted network and trusted network to provide secure access.
140
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Industry-standard protocol used to dynamically assign IP addresses to network devices.
141
DLLs
Dynamic Link Libraries
A set of subroutines that are shared by different applications and operating system processes.
142
El Gamal Algorithm
Asymmetric algorithm based upon the Diffie-Hellman algorithm used for digital signatures, encryption, and key exchange.
143
Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem Algorithm
Asymmetric algorithm based upon the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. Used for digital signatures, encryption, and key exchange.
144
E-Mail Spoofing
Activity in which the sender address and other parts of the e-mail header are altered to appear as though the e-mail originated from a different source. Since SMTP does not provide any authentication, it is easy to impersonate and forge e-mails.
145
ESP
Encapsulating Security Payload
Protocol Protocol within the IPSec suite used for integrity, authentication, and encryption.
146
EncipherK
Act of transforming data into an unreadable format.
147
End-to-End encryption
The encryption of information at the point of origin within the communications network and postponing of decryption to the final destination point.
148
Ethernet
LAN technology
IEEE 802.3
48-bit MAC addressing.
149
Exposure
Presence of a vulnerability, which exposes the organization to a threat.
150
FRAP
Facilitated Risk Analysis Process
A focused, qualitative approach that carries out pre-screening to save time and money.
151
FMEA
Failure modes and effect analysis
Approach that dissects a component into its basic functions to identify flaws and those flaw's effects.
152
Fault Tree Analysis
Approach to map specific flaws to root causes in complex systems.
153
Federated Identity
A portable identity, and its associated entitlements, that can be used across business boundaries.
154
FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Ring-based token network protocol that was derived from IEEE 802.4 token bus timed protocol. It can work with LAN or MAN environments and provides fault tolerance through dual-ring architecture.
155
Foreign Key
An attribute of one table that is related to the primary key of another table.
156
Fraggle Attack
A DDoS attack type on a computer that floods the target system with a large amount of UDP echo traffic to IP broadcast addresses.
157
Frequency Analysis
Cryptanalysis process used to identify weaknesses within the cryptosystems by locating patterns in resulting ciphertext.
158
FDM
FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
An older technique in which the available transmission bandwidth of a circuit is divided by frequency into narrow bands, each used for a separate voice or data transmission channel, which many conversations can be carried on one circuit
159
Full-interruption Test
One in which regular operations are stopped and processing is moved to an alternate site.
160
Functionality versus effectiveness of Control
Functionality is what a control does
Effectiveness of controls is how well it does it.
161
Fuzzing
A technique used to discover flaws and vulnerabilities in software
162
Garbage Collector
Tool that marks unused memory segments as usable to ensure that an OS does not run out memory.
163
General Registers
Temporary memory location the CPU uses during its processes of executing instructions.
The ALU's 'scratch pad' it uses while carting out logic and math functions.
164
Guideline
Suggestions and best practices
165
H.232
A standard that addresses call signaling and control, multimedia transport and control, and bandwidth control for point-to-point and multipoint conferences.
166
Hardware Segmentation
Physically mapping software to individual memory segments.
167
HMAC
HASHED MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION CODE
Cryptographics hash function that uses a symmetric key value and is used for data integrity and data origin authentication.
168
Hierarchical Data Model
Combines records and fields that are related in a logical tree structure.
169
High Availability
Refers to a system, component, or environment that is continuously operational.
170
High-Level languages
Otherwise known as third-generation programming languages, due to their refined programming structures, using abstract statement.
171
Honeypots
Systems that entice with the goal of protecting critical production systems. If two or more honeypots are used together, this is considered a honeynet.
172
Hot site
Fully configured with hardware, software, and environmental needs. It can usually be up and running in a matter of hours. It is the most expensive option, but some companies cannot be out business longer than a day without very detrimental results.
173
HTTPS
A combination of HTTP and SSL/TLS that is commonly used for secure internet connections and e-commerce transactions.
174
Hybrid Cryptography
Combined use of symmetric and asymmetric algorithms where the symmetric key encrypts data and an asymmetric key encrypts the symmetric key.
175
Hybrid Microkernel Architecture
Combination of monolithic and microkernel architectures.
The microkernel carries out critical operating system functionality, and the remaining functionality is carried out in a client/server model within kernel mode.
176
Hypervisor
Central program used to manage virtual machines within a simulated environment.
177
IEEE 80.21AE
MACSec
Standard that specifies a set of protocols to meet the security requirements for protecting data traversing Ehternet LANs
178
IEEE 802.1AR
Standard that specifies unique per-device indentifiers (DevID) and the management and cryptographic binding of a device (router, switch, access point) to its identifiers.
179
Immunizer
Attaches code to the file or application, which would fool a virus into 'thinking' it was already infected.
180
Information Gathering
Usually the first step in an attacker's methodology, in which the information gathered may allow an attacker to infer additional information that can be used to compromise systems.
181
ITSEC
Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria
European standard used to assess the effectiveness of the security controls built into a system.
182
IVs
Initialization Vectors
Values that are used with algorithms to increase randomness for cryptographic functions.
183
Instruction Set
Set of operations and commands that can be implemented by a particular processor (CPU).
184
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
A circuit-switched telephone network system technology designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires.
185
Integrity
Accuracy and reliability of the information and systems are provided and any unauthorized modification is prevented.
186
IDEA
International Data Encryption Algorithm
Block symmetric cipher that uses a 128-bit key and 64-bit block size.
187
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
A core protocol of the IP suite used to send status and error messages.
188
IGMP
Internet Group Management Protocol
Used by systems and adjacent routers on IP networks to establish and maintain multicast group memberships.
189
IMAP
INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL
A method of accessing E-mail or bulletin board messages that are kept on a mail server.
Next Gen POP
190
IP
INTERNET PROTOCOL
Core protocol of the TCP/IP Suite. Provides packet construction, addressing, and routing functionality.
191
ISAKMP
INTERNET SECURITY ASSOCIATION AND KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
Used to establish security associates and an authentication framework in Internet connections.
Commonly used by IKE for key exchange.
192
Interpreters
Tools that convert code written in interpreted languages to the machine-level format for processing.
193
Interrupt
Software or hardware signal that indicates that system resources are needed for instruction processing.
194
Interrupts
Values assigned to computer components to allow for efficient computer resource time slicing.
195
ISATAP
INTRA-SITE AUTOMATIC TUNNEL ADDRESSING PROTOCOL
An IPv6 transition mechanism meant to transmit IPv6 packets between dual-stack nodes on top of an IPv4 network.
196
IPSec
Protocol suite used to protect IP traffic through encryption and authentication.
De facto standard for VPN
197
IPv6
IP version 6
128-bit addressing, integrated IPSec security protocol, simplified header formats, and some automated configuration.
198
ISO/IEC 27000 Series
Industry- recognized best practices for the development and management of an information security management system.
199
ISO/IEC 27005
International Standard for the implementation of a risk management program that integrates into an information security management system.
200
ITIL
Best practices for information technology services management processes developed by the UK's Office of Government Commerce
201
Java Applets
Small comments (applets) that provide various functionalities and are delivered to users in the form of Java bytecode.
Can be run in a web browser using a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
202
Kerckhoff's Principle
Concept that an algorithm should be known and only the keys should be kept secret.
203
Kernel Mode (Supervisory State, Privilege Mode)
Mode that a CPU works within when carrying out more trusted process instructions.
The process has access to more computer resources when working in kernel versus user mode.
204
Key
Sequence of bits that are used as instructions that govern the acts of cryptographic functions within an algorithm.
205
Key Clustering
A weakness that would exist in a crytopsystem if two different keys would generate the same ciphertext from the same plaintext.
206
KDFs
Key Derivation Functions
Generation of secret keys (subkeys) from an initial value (master key).
207
Keyspace
A range of possible values used to construct keys.
208
Keystream Generator
Component of a stream algorithm that creates random values for an encryption purposes.
209
Known-plaintext Attack
Cryptanalysis attack where the attacker is assumed to have access to sets of corresponding plaintext and ciphertext.
210
Layered OS Architecture
Architecture that separates system functionality into hierarchical layers.
211
Limit Registers
Ending of address space assigned to a process. Used to ensure a process does not make a request outside its assigned memory boundaries.
212
Linear Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis method that uses the study of affine transformation approximation in encryption processes.
213
Link Encryption
Technology that encrypts full packets (all headers and data payload) and is carried out without the sender's interaction.
214
Link-State Routing Protocol
A routing protocol used in packet-switching networks where each router constructs a map of the connectivity within the network and calculates the best logical paths, which form its routing table.
215
Logic Bomb
Executes a program, or string of code, when a certain event happens or a date and time arrives.
216
Logical Addresses
Indirect addressing used by processes within an OS. The memory manager carries out logical-to-absolute address mapping.
217
Machine Learning
A set of instructions in binary format that the computer's processor can understand and work with directly.
218
Macro Virus
A computer virus that spreads by binding itself to software such as Word or Excel.
219
Maintenance Hooks
Code within software that provides a back door entry capability.
220
Mandatory Vacation
Detective Administrative control used to uncover potential fraudulent activities by requiring a person to be away from the organization for a period of time.
221
Maskable Interrupt
Interrupt value assigned to a non-critical operating system activity.
222
MTBF
MEAN TIME BETWEEN FAILURES
Predicted amount of time between inherent failures of a system during operation.
223
MTTR
MEAN TIME TO REPAIR
A measurement of the maintainability by representing the average time required to repair a failed component or device.
224
MAC
MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL
Data communication protocol sub-layer of the data link layer specified in the OSI Model.
Provides hardware addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several nodes to communicate within a multiple-access network that incorporates a shared medium.
225
Meet-in-the-middle Attack
Cryptanalysis attack that tries to uncover a mathematical problem from two different ends.
226
Meme Viruses
These are not actual computer viruses, but types of e-mail messages that are continually forwarded around the internet.
227
Memory Card
Holds information but cannot process information.
228
Mesh Topology
Network where each system must not only capture and disseminate its own data, but also serve as a relay for other systems; that is, it must collaborate to propagate the data in the network.
229
MAC (Code)
MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION CODE
Keyed cryptographic hash function used for data integrity and data origin authentication.
230
Metro Ethernet
A data link technology that is used as a metropolitan area network to connect customer networks to larger service networks or the Internet.
231
MAN
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
Data network intended to serve an area approximating that of a large city or college campus.
232
Microarchitecture
Specific design of a microprocessor, which includes physical components that support a specific instruction set.
233
Microkernel Architecture
Reduced amount of code running in kernel mode carrying out critical operating system functionality. Only the absolutely necessary code runs in kernel mode.
234
Mobile Code
Code that can be transmitted across a network, to be executed by a system or device on the other end.
235
MODAF
Architecture framework used mainly in military support missions developed by the British Ministry of Defense.
236
Mode Transition
When the CPU has to change from processing code in user mode to kernel mode.
237
Monolithic OS Architecture
All of the code of the OS working in kernel mode in an ad-hoc and non-modularized mode.
238
Multilevel Security Policies
Outlines how a system can simultaneously process information at different classifications for users with different clearance levels.
239
Multipart Virus
AKA Multipartitie Virus
Has several components, and can be distributed to different parts of the system. Infects and spread in multiple ways, which makes it harder to eradicate when identified.
240
Multiplexing
A method of combining multiple channels of data over a single transmission line.
241
Multiprogramming
Interleaved execution of more than one program (process) or task by a single OS.
242
MPLS
MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING
A networking technology that directs data from one network node to the next based on short path labels.
243
MIME
MULTIPURPOSE INTERNET MAIL EXTENSION
The standard for multimedia mail contents in the Internet Suite of Protocols.
244
Multitasking
Simultaneous execution of more than one program or task by a single OS.
245
Multithreading
Applications that can carry out multiple activities simultaneously by generating different instructions set.
246
Natural Languages
AKA 5th Generation Programming Languages
Have the goal to create software that can solve problems by themselves. Used in systems that provide AI.
247
NAT
NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION
Process of modifying IP address information in packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device, with the goal of reducing the demand for public IT addresses.
248
Network Convergence
The combining of server, storage, and network capabilities into a single framework, which decreases the costs and complexity of data centers.
Converged Infrastructures provide the ability to pool resources, automate resource provisioning, and increase and decrease processing capacity quickly to meet the needs of dynamic computing workloads.
249
NIST SP 800-30
Risk Management Guide for IT Systems.
A U.S. Federal Standard that is focused on IT Risks.
250
NIST SP 800-53
Set of controls that are used to secure U.S. Federal Systems developed by NIST.
251
Noise and Perturbation
A technique of inserting bogus information in the hopes of misdirecting an attacker or confusing the matter enough that the actual attack will not be fruitful.
252
Non-maskable Interrupt
Interrupt Value assigned to a critical operating System Activity
253
Object-Orientated Database
Designed to handle a variety of data, which is more dynamic in nature than a relational database.
254
ORD
Object-Relational Database
Uses object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) and is a relational database with a software front end that is written in an object-orientated programming language.
255
One-time Pad
A system that randomly generates a private key and is used only once to encrypt a message that is then decrypted by the receiver using a matching one-time pad and key.
256
One-Way Hash
Cryptographic process that takes an arbitrary amount of data and generates a fixed-length value.
Used for integrity protection.
257
OSCP
Online Certificate Status Protocol
Automated method of maintaining revoked certificates within a PKI.
258
Open Mail Relay
An SMTP server configured in such a way that it allows anyone on the internet to send email through it, not just mail destined to or originating from known users.
259
Open System
Designs are built upon accepted standards to allow for interoperability.
260
OSI Model
Open System Interconnection
7 Layer Model
261
OCTAVE
Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation
Team-orientated approach that assesses organizational and IT risks through facilitated workshops.
262
Out-of-Band Method
Sending data through an alternative communication channel.
263
Packages-EALs
Functional and assurance requirements are bundled into packages for reuse.
This component describes what must be met to achieve specific EAL ratings.
264
Parallel Test
One in which some systems are actually run at the alternate site.
265
Parameter Validation
The values that are being received by the application are validated to be within defined limits before the server application processes them within the system.
266
Passive Attack
Attack where the attacker does not interact with processing or communication activities.
267
PII
Personally Identifiable Information
Data that can be used to uniquely identify, contact, or locate a single person or can be used with other sources to uniquely identify a single individual.
268
Phishing
Scan in which the perpetrator sends out legitimate-looking emails, in an effort to phish for personal and financial information from the recipient.
269
Ping of death
A DoS attack type on a computer that involves sending malformed or oversized ICMP packets to a target.
270
Plaintext
A message before it has been encrypted or after it has been decrypted using a specific algorithm and key.
AKA cleartext.
271
Policy
High-level document that outlines senior management's security directives.
272
Polymorphic Virus
Produces varied but operational copies of itself.
273
Polymorphism
Two objects can receive the same input and have different outputs.
274
POP
POST OFFICE PROTOCOL
Internet Standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve email from a remote server and supports simple download and delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes.
275
Preemptive Multitasking
Multitasking scheduling scheme used by operating systems to allow for computer resource time slicing.
Use in newer OS.
276
PGP Cryptosystem
Pretty Good Privacy Cryptosystem
Used to integrate public key cryptography with email functionality and data encryption.
277
Primary Key
Columns that make each row unique.
278
PBX
PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE
Small version of the phone company's central SO.
279
Private Key
Value used in public key cryptography that is used for decryption and signature creation and known to only key owner.
280
Procedures
Step by step implementation instructions
281
Process
program loaded in memory within an OS.
282
Process Isolation
protection mechanism provided by OS that can be implemented as encapsulation, time multiplexing of shared resources, naming distinctions, and virtual memory mapping.
283
Process States
Ready, Running, Blocked
284
Program Counter
Holds the memory address for the following instructions the CPU needs to act upon.
285
PSW
PROGRAM STATUS WORD
Condition variable that indicates to the CPU what mode instructions need to be carried out in.
286
Protection Profile
Description of a needed security solution
287
Proxy Server
System that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other sources.
288
Public Key
Value used in public key cryptography that is used for encryption and signature validation that can be known by all parties.
289
Public Key Cryptography
An asymmetric cryptosystem where the encrypting and decrypting keys are different and it is computationally infeasible to calculate one from another.
Encrypting Key = Public
Decrypting Key = Kept Secret
290
PSTN
PUBLIC-SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK
Public circuit-switched telephone network, which is made up of telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, cell networks.
Fixed-line analog telephone system.
291
Qualitative Risk Analysis
Opinion-based method of analyzing risk with the use of scenarios and ratings.
292
Quantitative Risk Analysis
Assigning monetary and numeric values to all the data elements of a risk assessment.
293
Quantum Cryptography
Use of quantum mechanical functions to provide strong cryptographic key exchange.
294
Race Condition
Two or more processes attempt to carry out their activity on one resource at the same time.
295
RAM
Hardware inside a computer that retains memory on a short-term basis and stores information while the computer is in use.
296
Random Number Generator
Algorithm used to create values that are used in cryptographic functions to add randomness.
297
RC4
Stream symmetric cipher
Used in SSL and WEP
298
RC5
Block symmetric cipher that uses variable block sizes and variable-length key sizes.
299
RC6
Clock symmetric cipher that uses a 128-bit block size and variable-length key sizes.
Built on RC5 algorithm.
300
RTP
REAL TIME TRANSPORT PROTOCOL
Used to transmit audio and video over IP-based networks.
Used in conjunction with RTCP.
301
Reciprocal Agreement
One in which a company promises another company it cane move in and share space if it experiences a disaster, and vise versa.
302
Record
A collection of related data items.
303
RPO
Recovery Point Objective
A measurement of the point prior to an outage to which data are to be restored.
304
RTO
RECOVERY TIME OBJECTIVE
The earliest time period and a service level within which a business process must be restored after a disaster to avoid unacceptable consequences.
305
Reference Monitor
Concept that defines a set of design requirements of a reference validation mechanism (security kernel), which enforces an access control policy over subject's (processes, users) ability to perform operations (read, write, execute) on objects (files, resources) on a system.
306
Register
Small, temporary memory storage units integrated and used by the CPU during its processing functions.
307
RA
Registration Authority
Purpose is to verify an end entity's identity and determine whether it is entitled to have a public key certificate issues.
308
Relational Database Model
Data that is organized in two-dimensional tables or relations.
309
RATs
Malicious programs that run on systems and allow intruders to access and use a system remotely.
310
RADIUS
REMOTE AUTHENTICATION DIAL-IN USER SERVICE
A network protocol that provides client/server authentication and authorization, and audits remote users.
311
Remote Journaling
Involves transmitting the journal or transaction log offsite to a backup facility.
312
Replay Attack
Occurs when an attacker intercepts authentication information through the use of network monitoring utilities. The attacker then 'replays' this information to the security system in an effort to gain access to the system.
313
Residual Risk
Risk that remains after implementing a control.
Threats x Vulnerabilities x assets x (control gap) = residual risk
314
Restricted Interface
Limits the user's environment within the system, thus limiting access to objects.
315
Rijndael
Block symmetric cipher that was chosen to fulfill the AES.
Uses 128-bit block size and various key lengths.
316
Ring Topology
Each system connects to two other systems, forming a single, unidirectional network pathway for signals, thus forming a ring.
317
Risk
The probability of a threat agent exploiting a vulnerability and the associated impact.
318
Rollback
An operation that ends a current transaction and cancels all the recent changes to the database until the previous checkpoint/commit point.
319
ROM
Computer memory chips with preprogrammed circuits for storing such software as word processors and spreadsheets. Information in the computer's ROM is permanently maintained even when the computer is turned off.
320
Rootkit
Set of malicious tools that are loaded on a compromised system through stealthy techniques. The tools are used to carry out more attacks on either the infected systems or surrounding systems.
321
Rotation of Duties
Detective administrative control used to uncover potential fraudulent activities.
322
Rule-Based Access
Access is based on a list of rules created or authorized by system owners that specify the privileges granted to users.
323
Running Key Cipher
Substitution cipher that creates keystream values, commonly from agree-upon text passages, to be used for encryption purposes.
324
SABSA
Framework risk-driven enterprise security architecture that maps to business initiatives, similar to the Zachman Framework.
325
Sandbox
A virtual environment that allows for very fine-grained control over the actions that code within the machine is permitted to take. This is designed to allow safe execution of untrusted code from remote sources.
326
Schema
Defines the structure of the database.
327
Screened Host
A firewall that communicates directly with a perimeter router and the internal network. The router carries out filtering activities on the traffic before it reaches the firewall.
328
Screened Subnet Architecture
When two filtering devices are used to create a DMZ.
The external device screens the traffic entering the DMZ network, and the internal filtering device screens the traffic before it enters the internal network.
329
Scytale Cipher
A simple transposition cipher system that employs a rod of a certain thickness around which was wrapped a long, thin strip of parchment.
330
SET
SECURE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION
The SET specification has been developed by VISA and MASTERCARD to allow for secure credit card and offline debit car transactions.
331
S/MIME
Secure MIME
Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
Outlines how public key cryptography can be used to secure MIME data types.
332
SSH
Secure Shell
Network protocol that allows for a secure connection to a remote system. Developed to replace Telnet and other insecure remote shell methods.
333
SAML
Security Assertion Markup Language
An XML standard that allows the exchange of authentication and authorization data to be shared between security domains.
334
Security Assurance Requirements
Measures taken during development and evaluation of the product to assure compliance with the claimed security functionality.
335
Security Domain
Resources within this logical structure are working under the same security policy and managed by the same group.
336
Security Functional Requirements
Individual security functions which must be provided by a product.
337
Security Kernel
The central part of a computer system that implements the fundamental security procedures for controlling access to system resources.
338
Security Perimeter
Mechanism used to delineate between the components within and outside of the trusted computing base.
339
Security Policy
Strategic tool used to dictate how sensitive information and resources are to be managed and protected.
340
Security Target
Vendor's within explanation of the security functionality and assurance mechanisms that meet the needed security solution.
341
Security Through Obscurity
Relying upon the secrecy or complexity of an item as its security, instead of practicing solid security practices.
342
Self-Garbling Virus
Attempts to hide from antivirus software by modifying its own code so that it does not match predefined signatures.
343
SPF
Sender Policy Framework
An email validation system designed to prevent email spam by detecting email spoofing, a common vulnerability, by verifying sender IP address.
344
Separation of Duties
Preventive administrative control used to ensure one person cannot carry out a critical task alone.
345
SSI
Server-Side Includes
An interpreted server-side scripting langauge used almost exclusively for web-based communication. It is commonly used to include the contents of one or more files into a web page on a web server. Allows web developers to reuse content by inserting the same content into multiple web documents.
346
SPML
SERVICE PROVISIONING MARKUP LANGUAGE
Allows for the automation of user management and access entitlement configuration related to electronically published services across multiple provisioning systems.
347
Session Hijacking
An intruder takes over a connection after the original source has been authenticated.
348
SIP
SESSION INITATION PROTOCOL
The signaling protocol widely used for controlling communication, as in voice and video calls over IP based networks.
349
Session Keys
Symmetric keys have a short lifespan, thus providing more protection than static keys with longer lifespans.
350
Shoulder Surfing
Viewing information in an unauthorized manner by looking over the should of someone else.
351
Side-Channel Attack
Non-intrusive attack that uses information that has been gathered to uncover sensitive data or processing functions. Often tries to figure out how a component works without trying to compromise any type of flaw or weakness.
352
SMTP
SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL
An Internet standard protocol for email transmission across IP based networks.
353
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol
Provides remote administration of network device; simple because the agent requires minimal software.
354
SOAP
SIMPLE OBJECT ACCESS PROTOCOL
A lightweight protocol for exchange of information in a decentralized, distributed environment.
355
Simulation Test
A practice execution of the plan takes place. A specific scenario is established, and the simulation continues up to the point of actual relocation to the alternate site.
356
SLE
SINGLE LOSS EXPECTANCY
One instance of an expected loss if a specific vulnerability is exploited and how it affects a single asst.
Asset Value x Exposure Factor = SLE
357
Six Sigma
Business management strategy developed by Motorola with the goal of improving business processes.
358
Smart Card
Plastic Cards, typically with an electronic chip embedded, that contain electronic value tokens.
359
Smurf Attack
A DDoS attack type on a computer that floods the target system with spoofed broadcast ICMP packets.
360
Social Engineering
Gaining unauthorized access by tricking someone into divulging sensitive information.
361
SCM
SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
Identifies the attributes of software at various points in time, and performs a methodical control of changes for the purpose of maintaining software integrity and traceability throughout the software development life cycle.
362
Software deadlock
Two processes cannot complete their activities because they are both waiting for system resources to be released.
363
Software escrow
Storing of the source code of software with a third-part escrow agent. The software source code is released to the licensee if the licensor files for bankruptcy or fails to maintain and update the software product as promised.
364
Source Routing
Allows a sender of a packet to specify the route the packet takes through the network versus routers determining the path.
365
STP
SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL
A network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged Ethernet LAN and allows redundant links to be available in case connection links go down.
366
Special Registers
Temporary memory location that holds critical processing parameters. They hold values as in the program counter, stack pointer, and program status word.
367
Stack Memory
Construct that is made up of individually addressable buffers. Process-to-Process communication takes place through the use of stacks.
368
Standard
Compulsory rules that support the security policies.
369
Star Topology
Network consists of one central device, which acts as a conduit to transmit messages.
370
SOW
STATEMENT OF WORK
Describes the product and customer requirements. A detailed-orientated SOW will help ensure that these requirements are properly understood and assumptions are not made.
371
Static Analysis
A debugging technique that is carried out by examining the code without executing the program, and therefore is carried out before the program is compiled.
372
Statistical Attack
Cryptanalysis attack that uses identified statistical patterns.
373
STDM
STATISTICAL TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
This form of of multiplexing uses all available time slots to send significant information and handles inbound data on a first come- first served basis.
374
Stealth Virus
A virus that hides the modifications it has made. The virus tries to trick antivirus software by intercepting its requests to the operating system and providing false and bogus information.
375
Steganography
1) The method of concealing the existence of a message or data within seemingly innocent covers.
2) A technology used to embed information in for example, audio and graphical material. The audio and graphical materials appear unaltered until a stenography tool is used to reveal the hidden message.
376
Stream Cipher
An encryption method in which a cryptographic key and an algorithm are applied to each bit in a datastream, one bit at a time.
377
Structured walk-through test
Representatives from each functional area or department get together and walk through the plan from beginning to end.
378
Subject
An active entity that requests access to an object or the data within an object.
379
Subnet
Logical subdivision of a network that improves network administration and helps reduce network traffic congestion. Process of segmenting a network into smaller networks through the use of an addressing scheme made up of network and host portions.
380
Substitution Cipher
Encryption method that uses an algorithm that changes out (substitutes) one value for another value.
381
Symmetric Algorithm
Encryption method where the sender and receiver use an instance of the same key for encryption and decryption process.
382
Symmetric Mode Multiprocessing
When a computer has two or more CPUs and each CPU is being used in a load-balancing method.
383
SYN Flood
DoS Attack where an attacker sends a succession of SYN packets with the goal of overwhelming the victim system so that it is unresponsive to legitimate traffic.
384
Synchronous Communication
Transmission sequencing technology that uses a clocking pulse or timing scheme for data transfer synchronization.
385
SONET and SDH
Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber and allow for simultaneous transportation of many different circuits of differing origin within a single framing protocol.
386
Synchronous Token Device
Synchronizes with the authentication service by using time or a counter as the core piece of the authentication process. If the synchronization is time-based, the token device and the authentication service must hold the same time within their internal clocks.
387
SDLC
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
The scope of activities associated with a system, encompassing the system's initiation, development and acquisition, implementation, operation and maintenance, and ultimately, its disposal, which instigates another system initiation.
388
TOE
TARGET OF EVALUATION
Product proposed to provide a needed security solutions.
389
T-carriers
Dedicated lines that can carry voice and data information over trunk lines.
390
TCP/IP Models
Standardization of device-based network communication through a modular four-layer architecture.
391
Teredo
Transition mechanism for migrating from IPv4 to IPv6. it allows systems to use IPv6 to communicate if their traffice has to transverse an IPv4 network.
392
Thread
Instruction set generated by a process when it has a specific activity that needs to be carried out by an OS. When the activity is finished, the thread is destroyed.
393
Threat
The danger of a threat agent exploiting a vulnerability.
394
Threat Agent
Entity that can exploit a vulnerability
395
Threat Modeling
A systematic approach used to understand how different threats could be realized and how a successful compromise could take place.
396
Time Multiplexing
Technology that allows processes to use the same resources
397
TDM
Time-Division Multiplexing
A type of multiplexing in which two or more bit streams or signals are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but are physically taking turns on a single channel.
398
TOC/TOU
TIME-OF-CHECK/TIME-OF-USE ATTACK
Attacker manipulates the 'condition check' step and the 'use' step within software to allow for unauthorized activity.
399
TOGAF
Enterprise architecture framework used to define and understand a business environment developed by The Open Group.
400
Token Ring
LAN medium access technology that controls network communication traffic through the use of token frames. This technology has been mostly replaced by Ethernet.
401
Total Risk
Full Risk amount before a control is put into place.
Threats x Vulnerabilities x Assets = Total Risk
402
Trade Secrets
Proprietary business or technical information, processes, designs, practices, etc., that are confidential and critical to the business.
403
Trademark
Protect words, names, product shapes, symbols, colors, or a combination of these used to identify products or a company. These items are used to distinguish products from the competitors' products.
404
TCP
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL
The major transport protocol in the Internet suite of protocols providing reliable, connection-orientated, full-duplex streams.
405
Transport Mode
Mode that IPSec protocols can work in that provides protection for packet data payload.
406
Transposition
Encryption method that shifts (permutation) values.
407
3-DES
Triple DES
Symmetric cipher that applies DES three times to each block of data during the encryption process.
408
Trojan Horse
A program that is disguised as another program with the goal of carrying out malicious activities in the background without the user knowing.
409
TCSEC
TRUSTED COMPUTER SYSTEM EVALUATION CRITERIA
U.S. DoD standard used to assess the effectiveness of the security controls built into a system. Replaced by the Common Criteria. Also known as the Orange Book.
410
TCB
TRUSTED COMPUTING BASE
A collection of all the hardware, software, and firmware components within a system that provide security and enforce the system's security policy.
411
Trusted Path
Trustworthy software channel that is used for communication between two processes that cannot be circumvented.
412
Tunnel Mode
Mode that IPSec protocols can work in that provides protection for packet headers and data payload.
413
Tuple
A row in a 2-D Database
414
Two-Phase Commit
A mechanism that is another control used in databases to ensure that integrity of the data held within the database.
415
Type I Error
When a biometric system rejects an authorized individual (FRR)
416
Type II Error
When the system accepts impostors who should be rejected (FAR)
417
Uncertainty Analysis
Assigning Confidence level values to data elements.
418
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
Connectionless, unreliable transport layer protocol, which is considered a 'best effort' protocol.
419
User Mode
'Problem State'
Protection Mode that a CPU works within when carrying out less trusted process instructions.
420
User Provisioning
The creation, maintenance, and deactivation of user objects and attributes as they exist in one or more systems, directories, or applications, in response to business processes.
421
Validation
Determines if the product provides the necessary solution for the intended real-world problem.
422
Verification
Determines if the product accurately represents and meets the specs.
423
Very High-Level Languages
Otherwise known as 4th generation programming languages and are meant to take natural language-based statements one step ahead.
424
View
A virtual relation defined by the database administrator in order to keep subjects from viewing certain data.
425
VLAN
VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK
A group of hosts that communicate as if they were attached to the same broadcast domain, regardless of their physical location. VLAN membership can be configured through software instead of physically relocating devices or connections, which allows for easier centralized management.
426
Virtual Memory
Combination of main memory (RAM) and secondary memory within an OS.
427
Virutalization
Creation of a simulated environment (hardware platform, OS, Storage, etc.) that allows for central control and scalability.
428
Virus
A small application, or string of code, that infects host applications. It is a programming code that can replicate itself and spread from one system to another.
429
Vishing
VOICE AND PHISHING
Social engineering activity over the telephone system, most often using features faciliated by VoIP, to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data.
430
VLAN Hopping
An exploit that allows an attacker on a VLAN to gain access to traffic on other VLANs that would normally not be accessible.
431
VoIP
VOICE OVER IP
The set of protocols, technologies, methodologies, and transmission techniques involved in the delivery of voice data and multimedia sessions over IP-based networks.
432
Vulnerability
Weakness or a lack of a countermeasure.
433
War Dialing
When a specialized program is used to automatically scan a list of telephone numbers to search for computers for the purpose of exploitation and hacking.
434
Warm Site
Does not have computers, but it does have some peripheral devices, such as disk drives, controllers, and tape drives. This option is less expensive than a hot site but takes more effort and time to become operational.
435
WDM
WAVE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
Multiplying the available capacity of optical fibers through use of parallel channels, with each channel on a dedicated wavelength of light. The bandwidth of an optical fiber can be divided into as many as 160 channels.
436
Web Proxy
A piece of software installed on a system that is designed to intercept all traffic between the local web browser and the web server.
437
WAN
WIDE AREA NETWORK
A telecommunication network that covers a broad area and allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function, regardless of location.
438
Wiretapping
A passive attack that eavesdrops on communications. It is only legal with prior consent or a warrant.
439
WBS
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
A project management tool used to define and group a project's individual work elements in an organized manner.
440
Wormhole Attack
This takes place when an attacker captures packets at one location in the network and tunnels them to another location in the network for a second attacker to use against a target system.
441
Worms
These are different from viruses in that they can reproduce on their own without a host application and are self-contained programs.
442
Zachman Framework
Enterprise architecture framework used to define and understand a business environment developed by John Zachman.
443
Zero Knowledge Proof
One entity can prove something to be true without providing a secret value.
