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ss finals Flashcards

1
Q

Abolitionist

A

one who fought to end slavery

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2
Q

Abraham Lincoln

A

Was President of the United States during the Civil War. Southern states seceded when he won the Presidency as a Republican, even though he campaigned on the pledge to let slavery continue in the states where it already existed

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3
Q

Andrew Jackson

A

President of the United States who expanded voting rights and democracy, but also was responsible for the Indian Removal Act

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4
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

a leading reformer in the time of the Second Great Awakening - she helped to improve conditions in mental hospitals, prisons, and orphanages

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5
Q

Dred Scott

A

an enslaved African American who sued for his freedom in a case that went all the way to the Supreme Court

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6
Q

Eli Whitney

A

Inventor of the cotton gin and a leader in the effort to mass product products using machines to produce standardized parts

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7
Q

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A

an organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention, a founding leader in the women’s rights movement and the women’s suffrage movement

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8
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

an escaped slave who became a leading author and speaker in the abolition movement

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9
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

escaped slave who became a leading figure in the Underground Railroad

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10
Q

Henry Clay and the American System

A

Henry Clay wanted to use protective tariffs to pay for internal improvements to bind the nation’s economy together

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11
Q

Immigrant

A

a person who travels to a new land to live

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12
Q

John Brown

A

radical abolitionist who was found guilty of treason and hanged for attacking the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an effort to capture weapons for slaves, who he hoped to lead to freedom

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13
Q

Know-Nothing Party

A

A political party that grew up in the 1840s. It was an anti-immigrant, nativist party, fearful that immigrants would take American’s jobs and change American culture

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14
Q

Lewis and Clark

A

Explorers sent by Thomas Jefferson to map the Louisiana Territory and establish contact with native peoples in the territory

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15
Q

Nat Turner

A

A slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia, murdering 51 whites before the rebellion was crushed and the rebels put to death. The rebellion caused Southern states to pass very restrictive and harsh Slave Codes (laws controlling slaves)

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16
Q

Samuel Slater

A

British engineer who broke Britain’s monopoly on factory production of cotton textiles - he built America’s first textile factory for Moses Brown in Pawtucket, RI

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17
Q

Slave

A

a person kept in bondage, as property, with no human rights

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18
Q

Sojourner Truth

A

like Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave who became a leading author and speaker in the abolition movement

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19
Q

Susan B. Anthony

A

an organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention, a founding leader in the women’s rights movement and the women’s suffrage movement

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20
Q

William Lloyd Garrison

A

leading, radical abolitionist who founded a leading abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator

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21
Q

Abolition

A

the movement to end slavery

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22
Q

canal

A

a man-made waterway used for transportation of people and goods

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23
Q

Clear and Present Danger Test (for Speech and the Press)

A

Freedom of Speech and Freedom of the Press can be limited if the limit is necessary to prevent a clear and present danger to the public or the national security

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24
Q

diverse/ diversity

A

having differences, variety

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25
Q

Due Process of Law

A

the concept that no person can be deprived of his legal rights unless the state does so in a lawful manner, treating all people accused of a crime equally, and assuming they are innocent until proven guilty

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26
Q

Erie Canal

A

Checks and balances – a system of controls so that each branch of the federal government can limit the power of the other two branches

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27
Q

First Amendment

A

Freedom of Religion, Speech, the Press, Assembly, and Petition

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28
Q

immigration

A

moving from ones homeland to a new land to live

29
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

A law passed by Congress at Andrew Jackson’s request that ordered all Native Americans living east of the Mississippi onto reservations west of the Mississippi

30
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

the transformation of manufacturing from hand-labor, one-at-a-time production of goods to machine-powered, mass-production of goods

31
Q

industrialization

A

the building of manufacturing plants and building cities. It usually means moving away from a rural, agricultural way of life to an urban one.

32
Q

Internal Improvements

A

the construction of roads, canals, and railroads to improve the speed and efficiency of transportation in order to build the economy and make markets more national in scope

33
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

Jefferson’s purchase of millions of acres of land between the Mississippi and the Rockies from France, doubling the size of the nation

34
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

the belief that God wanted the American people to expand the United States all the way to the Pacific, and bring American culture and government to the entire continent

35
Q

Mass production

A

the rapid production of manufactured goods using powered tools to produce standardized products

36
Q

Middle Passage

A

the ocean voyage of enslaved African Americans brought in chains to the Americas

37
Q

Multi-cultural

A

a society which has people of many different ethnic backgrounds and traditions

38
Q

Nativism

A

Prejudice against immigrants and the belief that immigrants posed a threat to “true” American values and culture. Nativists sought to reduce or eliminate immigration, especially from cultures that they believed could not be assimilated into American culture

39
Q

Natural Rights

A

(in the Declaration of Independence) - the belief that all persons are born with the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness - that these rights come from God, not government or the people

40
Q

Nullification

A

The theory that states had the right to ignore federal laws that they considered to be unconstitutional

41
Q

plantation

A

a large farm, usually using slavery as the main labor force

42
Q

Popular Sovereignty

A

the belief that the white citizens in a territory seeking to become a state should have the right to vote on whether their new state would be free or slave

43
Q

Racism

A

discrimination on the basis of race

44
Q

reform

A

a movement to change a condition in society for the better

45
Q

4th Amendment

A

Right to Privacy

46
Q

5th & 6th Amendments

A

Rights of the Accused, Probable Cause, and Innocent Until Proven Guilty

47
Q

Rotation in Office

A

the policy of bringing in new government workers when a new President (or Governor) takes office, rather than government workers having guaranteed jobs

48
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

a religious revival in the 1820s-1840s that led to a wave of social reforms as Christians sought to improve themselves and society as a whole

49
Q

Seneca Falls Convention

A

a women’s rights convention, considered the birthplace of the women’s rights movement

50
Q

Spoils system

A

The policy where a newly elected official fires member of the opposition party from their jobs and gives jobs to party loyalists and people loyal to the newly elected official

51
Q

Suffrage

A

the reform movement designed to gain the right to vote

52
Q

Tariff

A

a tax placed on imports or exports - tariffs were often placed on imported manufactured goods in order to help American manufacturing grow - so they were called protective tariffs

53
Q

Temperance

A

the reform movement designed to limit or end the consumption of alcohol

54
Q

Territory

A

land owned by a country, but not yet admitted as a state

55
Q

Toleration

A

allowing freedom and diversity of beliefs and practices

56
Q

Trail of Tears

A

the forced march of the Cherokee from their homes in Georgia to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), during which thousands died of disease, hunger, and exposure

57
Q

Transportation Revolution

A

a period of rapid improvement in transportation, with developments such as improved roads, steam travel on rivers, the development of the first canals, and the first railroads. The Transportation Revolution helped to drastically lower the cost of shipping, which helped markets to grow. It took place at the same time as the first Industrial Revolution.

58
Q

Underground Railroad

A

a system of escape routes where “conductors” helped escaping slaves to freedom

59
Q

Urbanization

A

the growth of cities. It was one consequence of the Industrial Revolution

60
Q

Bill of Rights

A

the first ten amendments to the US Constitution

61
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

a second effort to deal with the expansion of slavery - California was admitted as a free state, but a much harsher Fugitive Slave Law was passed

62
Q

Declaration of Sentiments

A

document written at the Seneca Falls Convention, patterned after the Declaration of Independence, calling for equal rights for women

63
Q

Dred Scott Decision

A

Supreme Court ruling that Dred Scott, a slave, had no right to sue in court; and that slave owners had the right to take their property wherever they wanted. The Court ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and, therefore, there was no such thing as a free state.

64
Q

Fugitive Slave Law

A

a law allowing Southern slave catchers to travel in the free North to recapture escaped slaves. After the Compromise of 1850, it was a criminal offense to assist an escaped slave evade capture

65
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

law passed under Pres. Andrew Jackson stating that all Native Americans living east of the Mississippi must relocate to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi. The law affected the “Five Civilized Tribes.”

66
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A

Even though Kansas and Nebraska were north of Missouri’s southern border, the people of Kansas were allowed to decide whether Kansas would be a slave state by voting - the concept of popular sovereignty

67
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

an early effort to prevent the nation from splitting over the expansion of slavery - Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state (to keep balance in the Senate) and an agreement was reached that no slave future slave state could exist north of Missouri’s southern border

68
Q

U.S. Constitution

A

the document outlining the basic law of the land and the structure of our government

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