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A&P 2 final > SQ's 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

SQ's 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major minerals

A

calcium
phosphorus
sodium
potassium
chlorine
sulfur
magnesium

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2
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

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3
Q

What are the complete proteins?

A

meat
fish
milk
and eggs

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4
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion?

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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5
Q

A peritoneal membrane the envelopes these bundles of vessels and nerves to form a ?

A

mesentery

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6
Q

Greater omentum

A

hangs from the large intestine like a curtain that covers the small intestine

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7
Q

vertical strip anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and attaches to the small intestine

A

mesentery proper

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8
Q

suspends the stomach from the undersurface of the liver

A

lesser omentum

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9
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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10
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system

A

ingestion
secretion
digestion
motility
absorption
defecation

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11
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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12
Q

What is the strongest part of the tooth?

A

dentin

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13
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura that contains a small amount of fluid

A

pleural space

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14
Q

Vitamin B1 and action

A

thiamine
coenzyme in carbohydrate breakdown

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15
Q

Vitamin B2 & action

A

riboflavin
coenzyme component

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16
Q

Vitamin B3 & B5

A

B3 = Niacin
B5 = pathogenic acid

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17
Q

Vitamin B 6 & action

A

pyridoxine
coenzyme in amino acid metabolism

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18
Q

Vitamin B7

A

Biotin

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19
Q

Vitamin B9

A

folate

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20
Q

Vitamin B12 & action

A

cyanocobalamin
coenzyme in red blood cell formation & amino acid metabolism

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21
Q

What is the goal of carbohydrate metabolism

A

to break down saccharides into their simplest forms; monosaccharides/glucose

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22
Q

What it the ultimate goal of protein metabolism

A

break down proteins into their simplest form; amino acids

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23
Q

What type of tissue is the submucosa composed of

A

dense connective tissue

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24
Q

What are the muscles that line the stomach

A

inner oblique
middle circular muscle
outer longitudinal muscle

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25
Q

What are the muscles that line the intestines & rectum

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal

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26
Q

What are the two forms of digestion

A

chemical digestion and mechanical digestion

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27
Q

Where is water absorbed?

A

large intestine

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28
Q

where are proteins and carbohydrates absorbed?

A

small intestine

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29
Q

What is the largest salivary gland

A

parotid

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

What is the center of each tooth called that contains nerves and lymphatic vessels

A

pulp cavity

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32
Q

gingiva

A

gums

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33
Q

liquid connective tissue

A

blood

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34
Q

What are the 5 main functions of blood

A

transport
hydraulic force
defense
heat transfer
prevention of blood loss

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35
Q

What does transferrin carry

A

iron and gamma globulins

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36
Q

What does the buffy coat contain?

A

leukocytes (WBCs)

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37
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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38
Q

Which granulocyte is a first responder and eats bacterial infections

A

neutrophils

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39
Q

which granulocyte defends against parasites and allergies

A

eosinophils

40
Q

which granulocyte contains histamines for allergic reactions

A

basophils

41
Q

what are the two types of aggranulocyte

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

42
Q

what is involved.in specific immune responses

A

lymphocytes

43
Q

When do the AV valves open?

A

When atrial pressure exceeds the pressure in the respective ventricle

44
Q

What controls the blood supply to the heart?

A

coronary circulation

45
Q

What supplies the anterior part of the left ventricle with blood?

A

left coronary artery

46
Q

What supplies the posterior side of the ventricle with blood?

A

posterior interventricular artery

47
Q

What is the blood flow in the heart?

A

superior/inferior vena cava > right atrium > right AV valve (tricuspid) > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > pulmonary capillaries > pulmonary veins > left atrium > left AV valve (mitral) > left ventricle > aortic valve > ascending aorta > systemic capillaries

48
Q

cardiac conduction system route

A

SA node > AV node > bundle branches > R & L purkinje fibers

49
Q

In charge of waste (CO2) drop off and supply pick up (oxygen), carries blood to and from the lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

50
Q

in charge of supply delivery and waste pick up; it carries blood to and from every part of the body

A

systemic circulation

51
Q

Epicardium is the same thing as

A

visceral pericardium

52
Q

What transports iron to storage sites or to the bone marrow?

A

transferrin

53
Q

How long do RBCs typically survive?

A

120 days

54
Q

What are the immature RBCs called when they are released from bone marrow into the blood

A

reticulocytes

55
Q

A production regulated in a negative feedback loop based on the availability of oxygen – production increases in response to hypoxia

A

erythropoietin

56
Q

What are some characteristics of RBCs

A

flattened, biconcave
no nuclei
flexible

57
Q

cells of the immune system that have light blue cytoplasm and defend against external threats

A

lymphocytes

58
Q

How many lobes does eosinophils have vs basophils?

A

eosinophils have 3
basophils have 2

59
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes

A

granulocytes and aggranulocytes

60
Q

What is the pH of blood

A

approx 7.4 (slightly basic)

61
Q

What are activated B cells responsible for?

A

antibody secretions

62
Q

What happens to electrolytes when put into water?

A

they separate into ions

63
Q

What are 3 characteristics of electrolytes

A

contain a negative or positive charge
help the body maintain an acid-base balance
help determine osmolarity of body fluids

64
Q

What % of body water is intracellular vs extracellular

A

intracellular = 65%
extracellular = 35%

65
Q

What is the fluid of the cytosol considered?

A

intracellular fluid

66
Q

What is the percentage of interstitial fluid and plasma that make up extracellular fluid?

A

interstitial fluid = 80%
plasma =20%

67
Q

Where is the interstitial fluid?

A

in between cells located in bone and other connective tissue

68
Q

What separates blood plasma from the interstitial fluid

A

vascular epithelium of blood vessels

69
Q

What separates intracellular and extracellular fluid?

A

cell membrane

70
Q

What is the relationship between sodium balance and blood pressure?

A

they are codependent if one goes up so does the other

71
Q

High intake of NaCl strongly correlates with what?

A

high b/p

72
Q

What are the functional units of the kidneys

A

nephrons

73
Q

Once urine is formed in the nephrons, it drains out of the papilla into the?

A

calyces

74
Q

Once urine flows into the calyx it then flows into the

A

renal pelvis

75
Q

Once urine is formed by the nephron where does it go?

A

renal papillae

76
Q

Where can you find transitional epithelium

A

ureters & bladder

77
Q

the adventitia is a loose layer of fibrous tissue

A

the outer layer of the ureter

78
Q

What is the path of blood in the kidneys

A

renal arteries > arcuate artery > interlobular artery > afferent arteriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries > interlobular veins > arcuate vein > renal vein > inferior vena cava

79
Q

What is the flow of urine in the nephron

A

glomerulus > glomerular capsule > proximal tubule > nephron loop > descending loop (loop of Henle) > ascending loop > distal tubule > collecting duct > renal pelvis

80
Q

about 20% of fluid volume passing through the glomerulus is filtered through the glomerular capsule to become

A

glomerular filtrate

81
Q

Why doesn’t glomerular filtrate contain blood cells or protein?

A

they are too big to fit through the filtration sieve

82
Q

Where does water reabsorption occur?

A

collecting duct & nephron loop

83
Q

composed of blood sinuses which contain the urethra and composes the glans penis

A

corpus sponginosm

84
Q

prepuce

A

foreskin

85
Q

What is removed during a circumcision

A

prepuce

86
Q

Where do the testes deliver immature sperm

A

epididymis

87
Q

Where does sperm go after being ejected out of the epididymis

A

ductus deferens

88
Q

secrete vesicular fluid, a mildly alkaline fluid that contains a mix of substances that nourish and empower sperm

A

seminal vesicles

89
Q

Is semen alkaline or acidic

A

alkaline

90
Q

secretes a mildly acidic milky fluid containing a mixture of substances that nourish the sperm

A

prostate gland

91
Q

secretes a clear lubricant fluid into the urethra when a man becomes sexually excited

A

bulbourethral gland

92
Q

secretes mucus during sexual arousal and facilitates penile erection

A

vestibular glands

93
Q

What is the most narrow portion of the uterus called

A

isthmus

94
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

ampulla

95
Q
A

A&P 2 final (1 decks)

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