SQ's 1, 2, 3 Flashcards
What are the major minerals
calcium
phosphorus
sodium
potassium
chlorine
sulfur
magnesium
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
What are the complete proteins?
meat
fish
milk
and eggs
What are the accessory organs of digestion?
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
A peritoneal membrane the envelopes these bundles of vessels and nerves to form a ?
mesentery
Greater omentum
hangs from the large intestine like a curtain that covers the small intestine
vertical strip anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and attaches to the small intestine
mesentery proper
suspends the stomach from the undersurface of the liver
lesser omentum
What are the layers of the GI tract
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa
What are the 6 functions of the digestive system
ingestion
secretion
digestion
motility
absorption
defecation
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
What is the strongest part of the tooth?
dentin
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura that contains a small amount of fluid
pleural space
Vitamin B1 and action
thiamine
coenzyme in carbohydrate breakdown
Vitamin B2 & action
riboflavin
coenzyme component
Vitamin B3 & B5
B3 = Niacin
B5 = pathogenic acid
Vitamin B 6 & action
pyridoxine
coenzyme in amino acid metabolism
Vitamin B7
Biotin
Vitamin B9
folate
Vitamin B12 & action
cyanocobalamin
coenzyme in red blood cell formation & amino acid metabolism
What is the goal of carbohydrate metabolism
to break down saccharides into their simplest forms; monosaccharides/glucose
What it the ultimate goal of protein metabolism
break down proteins into their simplest form; amino acids
What type of tissue is the submucosa composed of
dense connective tissue
What are the muscles that line the stomach
inner oblique
middle circular muscle
outer longitudinal muscle
What are the muscles that line the intestines & rectum
inner circular and outer longitudinal
What are the two forms of digestion
chemical digestion and mechanical digestion
Where is water absorbed?
large intestine
where are proteins and carbohydrates absorbed?
small intestine
What is the largest salivary gland
parotid
What is the center of each tooth called that contains nerves and lymphatic vessels
pulp cavity
gingiva
gums
liquid connective tissue
blood
What are the 5 main functions of blood
transport
hydraulic force
defense
heat transfer
prevention of blood loss
What does transferrin carry
iron and gamma globulins
What does the buffy coat contain?
leukocytes (WBCs)
What are the 3 granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Which granulocyte is a first responder and eats bacterial infections
neutrophils
which granulocyte defends against parasites and allergies
eosinophils
which granulocyte contains histamines for allergic reactions
basophils
what are the two types of aggranulocyte
lymphocytes and monocytes
what is involved.in specific immune responses
lymphocytes
When do the AV valves open?
When atrial pressure exceeds the pressure in the respective ventricle
What controls the blood supply to the heart?
coronary circulation
What supplies the anterior part of the left ventricle with blood?
left coronary artery
What supplies the posterior side of the ventricle with blood?
posterior interventricular artery
What is the blood flow in the heart?
superior/inferior vena cava > right atrium > right AV valve (tricuspid) > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > pulmonary capillaries > pulmonary veins > left atrium > left AV valve (mitral) > left ventricle > aortic valve > ascending aorta > systemic capillaries
cardiac conduction system route
SA node > AV node > bundle branches > R & L purkinje fibers
In charge of waste (CO2) drop off and supply pick up (oxygen), carries blood to and from the lungs
pulmonary circulation
in charge of supply delivery and waste pick up; it carries blood to and from every part of the body
systemic circulation
Epicardium is the same thing as
visceral pericardium
What transports iron to storage sites or to the bone marrow?
transferrin
How long do RBCs typically survive?
120 days
What are the immature RBCs called when they are released from bone marrow into the blood
reticulocytes
A production regulated in a negative feedback loop based on the availability of oxygen – production increases in response to hypoxia
erythropoietin
What are some characteristics of RBCs
flattened, biconcave
no nuclei
flexible
cells of the immune system that have light blue cytoplasm and defend against external threats
lymphocytes
How many lobes does eosinophils have vs basophils?
eosinophils have 3
basophils have 2
What are the two types of phagocytes
granulocytes and aggranulocytes
What is the pH of blood
approx 7.4 (slightly basic)
What are activated B cells responsible for?
antibody secretions
What happens to electrolytes when put into water?
they separate into ions
What are 3 characteristics of electrolytes
contain a negative or positive charge
help the body maintain an acid-base balance
help determine osmolarity of body fluids
What % of body water is intracellular vs extracellular
intracellular = 65%
extracellular = 35%
What is the fluid of the cytosol considered?
intracellular fluid
What is the percentage of interstitial fluid and plasma that make up extracellular fluid?
interstitial fluid = 80%
plasma =20%
Where is the interstitial fluid?
in between cells located in bone and other connective tissue
What separates blood plasma from the interstitial fluid
vascular epithelium of blood vessels
What separates intracellular and extracellular fluid?
cell membrane
What is the relationship between sodium balance and blood pressure?
they are codependent if one goes up so does the other
High intake of NaCl strongly correlates with what?
high b/p
What are the functional units of the kidneys
nephrons
Once urine is formed in the nephrons, it drains out of the papilla into the?
calyces
Once urine flows into the calyx it then flows into the
renal pelvis
Once urine is formed by the nephron where does it go?
renal papillae
Where can you find transitional epithelium
ureters & bladder
the adventitia is a loose layer of fibrous tissue
the outer layer of the ureter
What is the path of blood in the kidneys
renal arteries > arcuate artery > interlobular artery > afferent arteriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries > interlobular veins > arcuate vein > renal vein > inferior vena cava
What is the flow of urine in the nephron
glomerulus > glomerular capsule > proximal tubule > nephron loop > descending loop (loop of Henle) > ascending loop > distal tubule > collecting duct > renal pelvis
about 20% of fluid volume passing through the glomerulus is filtered through the glomerular capsule to become
glomerular filtrate
Why doesn’t glomerular filtrate contain blood cells or protein?
they are too big to fit through the filtration sieve
Where does water reabsorption occur?
collecting duct & nephron loop
composed of blood sinuses which contain the urethra and composes the glans penis
corpus sponginosm
prepuce
foreskin
What is removed during a circumcision
prepuce
Where do the testes deliver immature sperm
epididymis
Where does sperm go after being ejected out of the epididymis
ductus deferens
secrete vesicular fluid, a mildly alkaline fluid that contains a mix of substances that nourish and empower sperm
seminal vesicles
Is semen alkaline or acidic
alkaline
secretes a mildly acidic milky fluid containing a mixture of substances that nourish the sperm
prostate gland
secretes a clear lubricant fluid into the urethra when a man becomes sexually excited
bulbourethral gland
secretes mucus during sexual arousal and facilitates penile erection
vestibular glands
What is the most narrow portion of the uterus called
isthmus
Where does fertilization occur?
ampulla
