SPSY 571- FINAL Flashcards
What are the 5 STAGES OF CHANGE? (256)
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
Pre-contemplation (Stages of change) (256)
- Client is not interested in changing
- Client may not think there is a problem/minimize & rationalize the problem
- attributes to fate, family, social influences, or genetics
Contemplation (Stages of change)
-Client experiences an awareness of a problem or a need for change, but has not made a plan or commitment to change
Preparation (Stages of change)
-Client establishes goals for change, outlines small steps, and even sets a time for start-up.
Action (stages of change)
- Client is successful in taking action to modify their problematic thoughts, feelings, behaviors, or environments.
- they are committed, putting in time and energy to change
Maintenance (Stages of change)
-Client consolidates the skills learned in the action phase, in order to prevent relapse.
Techniques to address ambivalence about change
- Decisional balance sheet
- amplified reflection
- creating/amplifying the discrepancy between present behavior/clients broader goals
- Offering information or advice
- expressing faith/confidence in clients abilities to make desired changes
Decisional balance sheet
- helps in clarification in decision making
- client describes cost and benefits of keeping things as they are and costs/benefits of changing
Amplified reflection
-nonjudgemental but gentle exaggeration of the reason to sustain the behavior in order to evoke the other side of the ambivalence
EX: “you don’t want to have a tutor, but you do want to get into college.”
amplifying discrepancy between present behavior and goals
EX: “you could stay at your current weight even though you want to feel healthier so you can have a baby”
Offering information or advice
-clinician should ask client’s permission before giving suggestions or providing info.
Expressing faith/confidence in clients ability to make change
- clinicians should encourage hope and self-efficacy.
- affirming strengths, reviewing past successes, reflecting their optimism
- acknowledge honor and grit
Self-disclosure (Ch. 12: 388)
- can be important when working with members of oppressed/isolated groups
- clinicians may elicit more trust
- the client should experience it as a client-centered sharing rather than clinician-centered
the miracle question (306)
- a solution-focused therapy technique
- used to help client gain new perspectives on their problems and focus on the positive desired goal rather than just on what is “wrong”
- EX: suppose a miracle happened tonight . . .
Exception Questions (305)
-ask about situations or days in which “the problems” have not happened.
-encourages client to move out of stuck patterns of neg. thinking and see hope.
EX:Can you think of a specific time last week when you were more confident?
transference (354)
-unconscious process by which early unresolved relational dynamics/conflicts are unwittingly displaced or “transferred” onto the current relationship with clinician and then reenacted through appropriate or “real” in the moment.
positive transference (354)
- client idealizes the clinician and may experience him or her as incomparably wise, caring, and helpful.
- helps sustain the working alliance in spite of mistakes and disagreements.
negative transference (355)
client is thought to unconsciously express or act out in the moment old, unhappy, stuck scenarios with the clinician as though the clinician were actually the exploiter/punisher/etc who has harmed the client in the past.
Ethnocultural or racial transference (355)
- previous interethnic /interracial experiences are unconsciously displaced onto the clinician relationship.
- client may attach attributions to the clinician based on perceived ethnicity/race.
hierarchical transference (356)
- clients may attribute power and knowledge to the clinician, simply because of the clinician’s role.
- may be relevant for people from cultures that emphasize differential status/hierarchy
countertransference (356)
- clinicians unconscious reactions to the client.
- can replicate unresolved scenarios from the clinicians past.
Motivational interviewing (258)
- 4 processes
1. engaging through empathetic understanding
2. focusing/helping clients establish what they want to change
3. evoking/eliciting client’s motivation for change.
4. planning or committing to the actions necessary to change.
factors to consider when transferring client to another clinician (475)
- clinician can offer to speak to new clinician to help new clinician to learn about client.
- this may help clients to prevent them from having to repeat everything with new clinician
- other clients refuse and prefer to start with clean slate.
- follow up with client is important
- Ideal for both client and clinician to agree of referral.
IS PATH WARM (439)
assessment tool for suicide warning signs
I (Ideation) S (Substance abuse) P (Purposelessness) A (Anxiety) T (Trapped) H (Hopelessness) W (Withdrawal) A (Anger) R (Recklessness) M (Mood Change)
SLAP (used to guide questions about suicide plans) (440)
S (Specificity)
L (Lethality)
A (Actual availability of imagined method)
P (Proximity of social helping resources)
Protective factors (440)
- help to lower risk of suicide
- factors include: satisfying family/social life, constructive employment or use of leisure time, purpose and meaning for living, religious/ethnic beliefs that provide hope.
Warning signs for suicide
- usually connote imminent risk
- risk is evident over next few minutes/hours/days.
Risk factors (suicide)
- are related to what can best be described as lifetime risk
- time periods range anywhere from a year to several decades
- include memberships to high risk groups
- alcohol and substance abuse increase risk
- IS PATH WARM
Crisis
- a time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger.
- a critical turning point in the progress of some state of affairs in which a decisive change, for better or worse, is imminent.
- presents both danger and opportunity
Psychological crisis
- occurs when a person feels unable to cope with perceived challenges that threaten to overwhelm his or her normal coping mechanisms.
- can come from single or combination of stressors
compound crisis
-crisis that rekindles unfinished business from previous crises.
delayed grief reaction
-survivor of a recent loss that suddenly experiences grief from an earlier loss that was not grieved at the time.
trauma
-term used to describe a catastrophic crisis that involves events so sudden, massive, and threatening that they overwhelm cognition and meaning making, feeling regulation, biological processes, habitual adaptive mechanism, and relational capacity.
worldview
- an individual’s assumptions about how the universe operates and how people behave toward one another.
complex trauma
-refers to the reactions to repeated ongoing interpersonal violence/trauma such as that experienced by battered women or soldiers at war.
secondary traumatic stress (STS) (419)
-a response to hearing about or witnessing others’ traumatic experience.
-may have some of the same symptoms as direct victim.
(Hate crimes can create STS)
common features of a crisis (420)
- Precipitating/triggering event
- Person perceived event as danger, loss, or threat
- Culture influencing the way people understand, make meaning of, and react to events
- Spiritual beliefs influence responses
- Customary coping methods do not work/inadequate to the degree of threat
- Person feels overwhelmed, anxious, disoriented, uncertain
- Destabilization provides opportunity to destabilize at higher/lower level of functioning.
precipitating event
- a small thing that is the last in a series of upsetting events or hazardous circumstances that can overwhelm the individual or system.
- “the straw that broke the camels back”
coping mechanisms (423)
- methods people use to overcome, reduce, or accommodate the demands of stress.
- can be healthy or maladaptive, effective or ineffective
Decompensate (423)
-engage in self-harm and other maladaptive behaviors
Resilience (423)
-The capacity to adapt competently despite or because of adverse/hazardous conditions
Post-traumatic growth (424)
positive changes that arise from a struggle with trauma
sustain talk (259)
-Person’s own arguments for not changing, for sustaining the status quo.
change talk (259)
-the person’s statements about why change is good and useful
Intervention/treatment plans (265)
- plans for change spell out agreed-upon goals for the work to come and the people, methods, and resources proposed to achieve the goals.
- “road map” by which clinicians put their case conceptualization and theoretical perspectives into action
What is included in the treatment plan? (265)
- goals
- participants
- modalities
- techniques and strategies
- logistics
- other services and resources
- advocacy
- evaluation
T/F- Treatment plans should be written in clear and specific language that is co-created by the client and clinician.
TRUE
Empirically Supported Treatments (EST’s) (268)
-clearly specified psychological treatments shown to be efficacious in controlled research with a delineated population