Spring Semester 2023 Flashcards
1
Q
what is criminalistics
A
the function of the crime lab
2
Q
who is mathieu orfila
A
“father of toxicology”
3
Q
who is alphonse bertillon
A
“father of criminal identification” (body measurements)
4
Q
who if francis galton
A
created classification and analyzation of fingerprints
5
Q
who is hans gross
A
first to publish paper on science in criminal investigations
6
Q
who is karl landsteiner
A
discovered 4 blood categories
7
Q
who is leone lattes
A
developed blood grouping
8
Q
who is calvin goddard
A
“father of ballistics”
9
Q
who is albert osborn
A
“father of questioned documents”
10
Q
who is walter mccrone
A
“father of modern microscopy”
11
Q
who is edmund locard
A
“sherlock holmes of france”
12
Q
what are the 4 federal labs
A
fbi, dea, atf, us postal inspection service
13
Q
what are the basic crime lab services
A
physical science, biology, firearms, document analysis, and photography
14
Q
what a forensic scientist does
A
analyzes evidence and provides expert testimony
15
Q
what is the frye standard
A
admissibility of scientific examination
16
Q
what is the daubert criteria
A
trial judges are gatekeepers for admissibility and validity
17
Q
what is physical evidence
A
any objects that can establish a crime was committed, a link between a victim and perpetrator, or a link between crime and victim
18
Q
how a crime scene must be recorded
A
notes, photography, and sketches
19
Q
types of search patterns
A
line/stripe, spiral, grid, quadrant, and wheel/ray
20
Q
what is a standard or reference sample?
A
evidence whose origin is known
21
Q
what is class characteristics
A
properties that can be attributed to a group
22
Q
what is individual characteristics
A
properties attributed to a single, common source
23
Q
what are the fingerprint databses
A
integrated automated fingerprint identification system, next generation identification system, and automated fingerprint identification system
24
Q
what is the dna database
A
combined dna index system (codis)
25
what are the ballistic databses
national integrated ballistics information network and integrated ballistic identification system
26
who is william herschel
indian fingerprint contracts
27
who is henry faulds
skin ridge patterns
28
what are the 4 types of whorls
plain, central pocket, double, and accidental
29
what is the 4 step process to identify and individualize a fingerprint
analysis, comparison, evaluation, and verification
30
what is a virtual image
an image that can only be seen by looking through a lens
31
what is a real image
and image formed by convergence of light rays on a screen
32
what is a transmitted illumination
light is directed up through the specimen
33
what is a vertical/reflect illumination
light comes from above and reflects off the specimen
34
what is a stereoscopic microscope
two monocular compound microscopes aligned to present a three-dimensional image of a specimen
35
what is a polarizing microscope
uses a polarizer to only let certain light pass and interact with the sample
36
what is firearms identification
the process to determine whether a bullet or cartridge was fired by a particular weapon
37
what is ballistics
the study of a projectile in motion
38
how does a firearm work
firing pin hits cartridge, primer powder ignites, sparks through flash hole to main propellant supply, pressure pushes bullet from casing to barrel, bullet follows lands and grooves
39
what are the types of firearms
handguns and long guns
40
what are the types of handguns
single-shot pistol, revolver, and semi-automatic pistol
41
what are the types of long guns
shotguns and rifles
42
what is a barrel
produce from a solid steel bar that is hollowed out by drilling
43
what is rifling
shaping the barrel's inner surface with spiral of lands and grooves
44
what is caliber
diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm
45
what are the methods of rifling
broach, button, and mandrel
46
what is drugfire
early system developed for the fbi for firearms
47
what is the shaft composed of?
the cuticle, cortex, and medulla
48
what are the three patterns of the cuticle
coronal, spinous, and imbricate
49
what are the pigment types
eumelanin (dark), phomelanin (blonde)
50
what is human medulla
less than 1/3
51
what are the three phases of hair growth
anagen, catagen, telogen
52
what are the two main classes of fibers
natural and manufactured
53
what is density testing
fiber is place in density gradient to determine fiber type
54
what is solubility
fibers dissolve in different chemicals
55
what is chromatography
dyes can be seperated
56
what are the types of opiates
morphine, heroine, and codeine
57
what are the types of synthetic opiates
oxycodone, and methadone
58
types of depressants
alcohol, barbiturates, anti-anxieties, and volatile solvents
59
what are anabolic steroids
synthetic compounds that are chemically related to the hormone testosterone
60
what are schedule 1 drugs
drugs that have a high potential for abuse and have no accepted medical use (heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, and LSD)
61
what are schedule 2 drugs
drugs that have a high potential for abuse and have medical use with restrictions (cocaine, PCP, and amphetamines)
62
what are schedule 3 drugs
drugs with less potential for abuse and accepted medical use not covered under schedule 2 (codeine and anabolic steroids)
63
what are schedule 4 drugs
drugs with low potential for abuse and have current medical use (darvon, phenobarbital, and tranquilizers)
64
what are schedule 5 drugs
drugs with low potential abuse and medical use with non-narcotic medicinal ingredients
65
what does a marquis test
heroin and aphemtamines
66
what does a scott test
cocaine
67
what is a microcrystal test
looks at color and shape of crystals when drug is mixed with specific reagents
68
types of chromatography
gas, liquid, and thin-layer
69
what toxicologists need to consider
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
70
what is the legal limit of drinking and driving
0.08
71
what is schmerber v. california
taking of blood samples isn't protected by the fifth amendment
72
what is a metabolite
what the drug was converted to
73
what is immunoassay methods
using antibodies designed to attach to drug metabolite
74
what is blood
a complex mixture containing cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances
75
what is plasma
the fluid portion of blood
76
what are erythrocytes
red blood cells
77
what are leukocytes
white blood cells
78
what are antigens
stimulate the body to produce antibodies against it, located on the surface of red blood cells
79
what is the fundamental principle of blood typing
for every antigen there exists a specific antibody
80
what antigens does type a blood have
a antigens
81
what antigens does type b blood have
b antigens
82
what antigens does type ab blood have
a and b antigens
83
what antigens does type o blood have
no antigens
84
what is rh
people with the d antigen are rh positive
85
what is the emit
the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique to detect drugs in urine
86
what is the kaslte-meyer color test
hemoglobin reacts with reagent to produce deep pink color
87
what is an allele
any of several alternative forms of genes at a particular locus and that are aligned with one another on a chromosome pair
88
how long do sperms with tails last
4 to 6 hours
89
how long do sperms without tails last
3 to 6 days
90
how long does seminal acid phosphatase last
less than 48 hours
91
how long does prostate specific antigen last
less than 72 hours
92
what is the two types of dna in a human cell
nuclear and mitochondrial
93
what is nuclear dna
a very large molecule made by linking a series of repeating units called nucleotides
94
what nucleotides composed of
a sugar, a phosphorous-containing group, a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base
95
what are the four bases associated with the dna structure
a adenine, t thymine, c cytosine, g guanine
96
what is the basis of disease and health issues
a nucleotide order is changed and the wrong amino acid is placed in the protein resulting in it not functioning correctly
97
what is pcr testing
polymerase chain reaction is a technique for replicating small quantities of dna or broken pieces of dna found at a crime scene
98
what is the process of a pcr test
the dna is heated into two seperate strands, the primers are added and bind to the strands, dna polymerase and free nucleotides are added to rebuild the strands, the cycle is repeated 25 to 30 times
99
what is a teandem repeat
sequences of bases that are repeated numerous times
100
what is mitochondrial dna
located outside the cell's nucleus and is inherited from the mother use to provide energy that our bodies need to function
101
what is the ignition point
the minimum temperature needed to spontaneously ignite fuel
102
what is the heat of combustion
the heat and light released when a substance burns
103
what is the flash point
the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough vapor to burn
104
what is pyrolysis
a solid burn only when exposed to heat hot enough to decompose it into a gaseous product
105
what is glowing combustion
smolder, burning located at the fuel-air interface
106
what are the three mechanisms of heat transfer
conduction, radiation, and convection
107
what is conduction
the movement of heat through a solid object
108
what is radiation
the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic radiation
109
what is convection
the transfer of heat energy by the movement of molecule within a liquid or gas
110
what is flashover
occurs when all the combustible fuels simultaneously ignite to engulf the entire structure
