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Forensics Exam > Spring Semester 2023 > Flashcards

Spring Semester 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

what is criminalistics

A

the function of the crime lab

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2
Q

who is mathieu orfila

A

“father of toxicology”

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3
Q

who is alphonse bertillon

A

“father of criminal identification” (body measurements)

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4
Q

who if francis galton

A

created classification and analyzation of fingerprints

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5
Q

who is hans gross

A

first to publish paper on science in criminal investigations

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6
Q

who is karl landsteiner

A

discovered 4 blood categories

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7
Q

who is leone lattes

A

developed blood grouping

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8
Q

who is calvin goddard

A

“father of ballistics”

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9
Q

who is albert osborn

A

“father of questioned documents”

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10
Q

who is walter mccrone

A

“father of modern microscopy”

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11
Q

who is edmund locard

A

“sherlock holmes of france”

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12
Q

what are the 4 federal labs

A

fbi, dea, atf, us postal inspection service

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13
Q

what are the basic crime lab services

A

physical science, biology, firearms, document analysis, and photography

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14
Q

what a forensic scientist does

A

analyzes evidence and provides expert testimony

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15
Q

what is the frye standard

A

admissibility of scientific examination

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16
Q

what is the daubert criteria

A

trial judges are gatekeepers for admissibility and validity

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17
Q

what is physical evidence

A

any objects that can establish a crime was committed, a link between a victim and perpetrator, or a link between crime and victim

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18
Q

how a crime scene must be recorded

A

notes, photography, and sketches

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19
Q

types of search patterns

A

line/stripe, spiral, grid, quadrant, and wheel/ray

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20
Q

what is a standard or reference sample?

A

evidence whose origin is known

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21
Q

what is class characteristics

A

properties that can be attributed to a group

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22
Q

what is individual characteristics

A

properties attributed to a single, common source

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23
Q

what are the fingerprint databses

A

integrated automated fingerprint identification system, next generation identification system, and automated fingerprint identification system

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24
Q

what is the dna database

A

combined dna index system (codis)

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25
Q

what are the ballistic databses

A

national integrated ballistics information network and integrated ballistic identification system

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26
Q

who is william herschel

A

indian fingerprint contracts

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27
Q

who is henry faulds

A

skin ridge patterns

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28
Q

what are the 4 types of whorls

A

plain, central pocket, double, and accidental

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29
Q

what is the 4 step process to identify and individualize a fingerprint

A

analysis, comparison, evaluation, and verification

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30
Q

what is a virtual image

A

an image that can only be seen by looking through a lens

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31
Q

what is a real image

A

and image formed by convergence of light rays on a screen

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32
Q

what is a transmitted illumination

A

light is directed up through the specimen

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33
Q

what is a vertical/reflect illumination

A

light comes from above and reflects off the specimen

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34
Q

what is a stereoscopic microscope

A

two monocular compound microscopes aligned to present a three-dimensional image of a specimen

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35
Q

what is a polarizing microscope

A

uses a polarizer to only let certain light pass and interact with the sample

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36
Q

what is firearms identification

A

the process to determine whether a bullet or cartridge was fired by a particular weapon

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37
Q

what is ballistics

A

the study of a projectile in motion

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38
Q

how does a firearm work

A

firing pin hits cartridge, primer powder ignites, sparks through flash hole to main propellant supply, pressure pushes bullet from casing to barrel, bullet follows lands and grooves

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39
Q

what are the types of firearms

A

handguns and long guns

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40
Q

what are the types of handguns

A

single-shot pistol, revolver, and semi-automatic pistol

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41
Q

what are the types of long guns

A

shotguns and rifles

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42
Q

what is a barrel

A

produce from a solid steel bar that is hollowed out by drilling

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43
Q

what is rifling

A

shaping the barrel’s inner surface with spiral of lands and grooves

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44
Q

what is caliber

A

diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm

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45
Q

what are the methods of rifling

A

broach, button, and mandrel

46
Q

what is drugfire

A

early system developed for the fbi for firearms

47
Q

what is the shaft composed of?

A

the cuticle, cortex, and medulla

48
Q

what are the three patterns of the cuticle

A

coronal, spinous, and imbricate

49
Q

what are the pigment types

A

eumelanin (dark), phomelanin (blonde)

50
Q

what is human medulla

A

less than 1/3

51
Q

what are the three phases of hair growth

A

anagen, catagen, telogen

52
Q

what are the two main classes of fibers

A

natural and manufactured

53
Q

what is density testing

A

fiber is place in density gradient to determine fiber type

54
Q

what is solubility

A

fibers dissolve in different chemicals

55
Q

what is chromatography

A

dyes can be seperated

56
Q

what are the types of opiates

A

morphine, heroine, and codeine

57
Q

what are the types of synthetic opiates

A

oxycodone, and methadone

58
Q

types of depressants

A

alcohol, barbiturates, anti-anxieties, and volatile solvents

59
Q

what are anabolic steroids

A

synthetic compounds that are chemically related to the hormone testosterone

60
Q

what are schedule 1 drugs

A

drugs that have a high potential for abuse and have no accepted medical use (heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, and LSD)

61
Q

what are schedule 2 drugs

A

drugs that have a high potential for abuse and have medical use with restrictions (cocaine, PCP, and amphetamines)

62
Q

what are schedule 3 drugs

A

drugs with less potential for abuse and accepted medical use not covered under schedule 2 (codeine and anabolic steroids)

63
Q

what are schedule 4 drugs

A

drugs with low potential for abuse and have current medical use (darvon, phenobarbital, and tranquilizers)

64
Q

what are schedule 5 drugs

A

drugs with low potential abuse and medical use with non-narcotic medicinal ingredients

65
Q

what does a marquis test

A

heroin and aphemtamines

66
Q

what does a scott test

A

cocaine

67
Q

what is a microcrystal test

A

looks at color and shape of crystals when drug is mixed with specific reagents

68
Q

types of chromatography

A

gas, liquid, and thin-layer

69
Q

what toxicologists need to consider

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

70
Q

what is the legal limit of drinking and driving

A

0.08

71
Q

what is schmerber v. california

A

taking of blood samples isn’t protected by the fifth amendment

72
Q

what is a metabolite

A

what the drug was converted to

73
Q

what is immunoassay methods

A

using antibodies designed to attach to drug metabolite

74
Q

what is blood

A

a complex mixture containing cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances

75
Q

what is plasma

A

the fluid portion of blood

76
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

77
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells

78
Q

what are antigens

A

stimulate the body to produce antibodies against it, located on the surface of red blood cells

79
Q

what is the fundamental principle of blood typing

A

for every antigen there exists a specific antibody

80
Q

what antigens does type a blood have

A

a antigens

81
Q

what antigens does type b blood have

A

b antigens

82
Q

what antigens does type ab blood have

A

a and b antigens

83
Q

what antigens does type o blood have

A

no antigens

84
Q

what is rh

A

people with the d antigen are rh positive

85
Q

what is the emit

A

the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique to detect drugs in urine

86
Q

what is the kaslte-meyer color test

A

hemoglobin reacts with reagent to produce deep pink color

87
Q

what is an allele

A

any of several alternative forms of genes at a particular locus and that are aligned with one another on a chromosome pair

88
Q

how long do sperms with tails last

A

4 to 6 hours

89
Q

how long do sperms without tails last

A

3 to 6 days

90
Q

how long does seminal acid phosphatase last

A

less than 48 hours

91
Q

how long does prostate specific antigen last

A

less than 72 hours

92
Q

what is the two types of dna in a human cell

A

nuclear and mitochondrial

93
Q

what is nuclear dna

A

a very large molecule made by linking a series of repeating units called nucleotides

94
Q

what nucleotides composed of

A

a sugar, a phosphorous-containing group, a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base

95
Q

what are the four bases associated with the dna structure

A

a adenine, t thymine, c cytosine, g guanine

96
Q

what is the basis of disease and health issues

A

a nucleotide order is changed and the wrong amino acid is placed in the protein resulting in it not functioning correctly

97
Q

what is pcr testing

A

polymerase chain reaction is a technique for replicating small quantities of dna or broken pieces of dna found at a crime scene

98
Q

what is the process of a pcr test

A

the dna is heated into two seperate strands, the primers are added and bind to the strands, dna polymerase and free nucleotides are added to rebuild the strands, the cycle is repeated 25 to 30 times

99
Q

what is a teandem repeat

A

sequences of bases that are repeated numerous times

100
Q

what is mitochondrial dna

A

located outside the cell’s nucleus and is inherited from the mother use to provide energy that our bodies need to function

101
Q

what is the ignition point

A

the minimum temperature needed to spontaneously ignite fuel

102
Q

what is the heat of combustion

A

the heat and light released when a substance burns

103
Q

what is the flash point

A

the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough vapor to burn

104
Q

what is pyrolysis

A

a solid burn only when exposed to heat hot enough to decompose it into a gaseous product

105
Q

what is glowing combustion

A

smolder, burning located at the fuel-air interface

106
Q

what are the three mechanisms of heat transfer

A

conduction, radiation, and convection

107
Q

what is conduction

A

the movement of heat through a solid object

108
Q

what is radiation

A

the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic radiation

109
Q

what is convection

A

the transfer of heat energy by the movement of molecule within a liquid or gas

110
Q

what is flashover

A

occurs when all the combustible fuels simultaneously ignite to engulf the entire structure

Forensics Exam (1 decks)

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