spring final study guide Flashcards
hydrolysis
adding water molecules breaks bonds between monomer, polymers broke down when water is added
dehydration synthesis reactions
joins two monomers together to form a larger molecule, resulting in a loss of water
properties of water
cohesion/adhesion, moderation of temperature through transpiration, expansion upon freezing, solvent of life
lipids
store energy, make hormones, insulation
proteins
catalyze chemical reactions, regulate passage of substances across cell membrane; sequence of amino acids linked together
nucleic acids
genetic blueprint, carry DNA, DNA
carbohydrates
quick forms of energy, store energy, simple sugars
glycogen vs. starch vs. cellulose
stored in liver as glucose can be quickly broken down for quick energy; storage in plants used for energy; makes plant cells rigid and strong, plant cell wall
central dogma
dna –> rna –> protein; rna –> protein
rough er vs smooth er
produce proteins that will become part of endomembrane sysmem ; syntehzies hormones and lipids, distbrutibes them throughout cell
endomembrane system
rough er –> golgi –> vesicles –> cell exterior
vesicles
move molecules, digest, regulate pressure in cell
vacuole
store nutrients, water
what organelles do prokaryotic cells lack
ER, golgi, mitochondria, chloroplast
simple diffusion
high to low, small non charged/lipid soluble molecules pass through phospholipids
facilitated diffucion
high to low; diffusion of solutes through transport proteins
active transport
low to high; requries use of energy in form of ATP; membrane proteins transport molecules across cells
osmosis
diffusion of water molecules; high to loww
water potential
water moves from high (more water, less solutes) to low water potential (less water, more solutes)
PCR
polymerase chain reaction, used to make copies of a particular DNA region
lac operon system
group of genes with single promoter, presence of lactose turns on transition of genes for its own metablolism
trp operon
repressible control; uses proteins bound to operator sequence to prevent binding of RNA polymerase
