Spring 14 Flashcards
For questions 1-16 use the following choices. Each choice may be used more than once or not at all.
1. Stimulates Calcitriol production
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
B. Parathormone
- Inhibits parathormone secretion
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
A. Calcitriol
*side note: acts as a negative feedback loop for parathormone.
- Lowers blood calcium levels
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
C. Calcitonin
- Binds to receptors in the digestive tract and stimulates the production of enzymes that transfer calcium from the digestive tract into the blood.
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
A. Calcitriol
*side note: this seems like an action for parathormone as well, but there are no receptors in the GI tract for it to act on. That is the job for calcitriol
- Precursor for calcitriol
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
D. Vitamin D3
- Stimulates osteoclast activity by causing osteoblasts to secrete a stimulatory cytokine.
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
B. Parathormone
- Stimulates osteoblasts to build bone
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
C. Calcitonin
- Produced by cells in the thyroid gland
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
C. Calcitonin
*side note: calcitonin also lowers blood phosphorus
- Produced by cells in the kidney
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
A. Calcitriol
- Stimulates the excretion of phosphate in the urine
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
B. Parathormone
*side note: so when parathormone acts on osteoblasts to excite osteoclast activity, calcium is released in the blood along with phosphate consequently. This occurs from the breakdown of calcium from the hydroxyapatite releasing phosphates. Parathormone then acts on the kidneys to excrete excess phosphate
- Increases the rate of excretion of calcium in urine and feces
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
C. Calcitonin
*side note: Calcitriol is responsible for the re-uptake and the absorption of calcium in the kidneys and the G.I. tract. However, calcitonin actually diminishes calcitriol which in turn allows calcium to be released in the urine and feces (not absorbed into the blood)
- Stimulates the uptake of calcium into the mamillary glands for lactation
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
E. Parathormone related peptide
*side note: also stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb phosphate
- Prolactin stimulates the production of…
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
A. Calcitriol
- Low blood calcium directly stimulates the secretion of…
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
B. Parathormone
- Elevated blood calcium stimulates the secretion of…
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
C. Calcitonin
- Inhibits the action of osteoclasts
A. Calcitriol B. Parathormone C. Calcitonin D. Vitamin D3 E. Parathormone related peptide
C. Calcitonin
*side note: also inhibits parathormone and calcitriol
A person experiencing extensive bone demineralization, painful abdominal cramps, depressed mood, and kidney stones is most likely suffering from... A. Lack of vitamin D3 B. Parathormone secreting tumor C. A calcitonin secreting tumor D. Kidney failure
B. Parathormone secreting tumor
*side note: this would happen due to an increased activity of osteoclasts constantly breaking down bone
Which hormone can decrease the risk of developing osteoporosis A. Growth hormone B. Calcitonin C. Estrogen D. Androgen E. All of these
E. All of these
Inadequate mineralization of bone with adequate protein matrix production is the result of... A. Living in zero gravity B. Over activity of osteoclasts C. Vitamin D3 deficiency D. A parathormone secreting tumor
C. Vitamin D3 deficiency
The role of the nervous system in regulating secretion of hormones involved in calcium homeostasis is most similar to its role in regulating the secretion of…
We think insulin and glucagon??
Which hormone stimulates testosterone production by the testes? A. LH B. FSH C. Inhibin D. Estrogen
A. LH
Which hormone plays an important role in spermatogenesis? A. Testosterone B. FSH C. Relaxin D. All of these
D. All of these
*side note: Relaxin supports sperm maturation, FSH is required to initiate spermatogenesis by acting on the Sertoli cells (Sertoli cells regulates spermatogenesis)
Which level of prolactin increases the ability of testicular Leydig cells to respond to LH? A. Normal male levels B. Elevated levels C. Low levels D. All of these
A. Normal male levels
*side note: excess prolactin = loss of LH receptors
Which hormone can stimulate testosterone production?
A. Growth hormone
B. Estrogen
C. Testicular gonadotropin releasing hormone
D. Stress levels of cortisol
C. Testicular gonadotropin releasing hormone
Testicular Sertoli cells do all of the following except... A. Regulate sperm production B. Produce inhibin C. Produce testosterone D. Convert testosterone into estrogen
C. Produce testosterone
*side note: Sertoli cells pretty much do everything except produce testosterone
Which hormone exerts negative feedback regulation on FSH receptors? A. Anti Mullerian hormone B. Inhibin C. Relaxin D. Testosterone
B. Inhibin
*side note: testosterone exerts negative feedback on LH receptors
The prostaglandins found in seminal fluid produced by the... A. Testies B. Epididymis C. Seminal vesicles D. Prostate
C. Seminal vesicles
Sperm maturation occurs in the... A. Epididymis B. Seminal vesicles C. Prostate D. Vas Deferens
A. Epididymis
Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of... A. LH alone B. FSH alone C. LH and FSH D. LH, FSH,and prolactin
C. LH and FSH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion can be decreased by... A. A prolactin secreting tumor B. Melatonin C. Testosterone D. All of these
D. All of these
Which hormone is not correctly matched with the structure that produces it?
A. Gonadotropin releasing hormone - anterior pituitary
B. Melatonin - pineal
C. Oxytocin - hypothalamus
D. FSH - anterior pituitary
A. Gonadotropin releasing hormone - anterior pituitary
*side note: produced in the hypothalamus
Which hormone suppresses the development of the female reproductive tract in the mail embryo? A. Inhibin B. Anti Mullerian hormone C. Prolactin D. Relaxin
B. Anti Mullerian hormone
Testosterone stimulates all of the following except…
A. Embryonic differentiation of the gonads into testes
B. Embryonic development of the male reproductive tract
C. Development of the secondary sexual characteristics of males at puberty
D. Sex drive in both human males and females
A. Embryonic differentiation of the gonads into testes
Which process requires FSH in the ovary?
A. Maturation of primordial follicles into primary follicles
B. Maturation of primary follicles into secondary follicles
C. Maturation of secondary follicles into tertiary follicles
D. All of the above
C. Maturation of secondary follicles into tertiary follicles
In the female, LH stimulates…
A. Maturation of primordial follicles into primary follicles
B. Maturation of primary follicles into secondary follicles
C. Maturation of secondary follicles into tertiary follicles
D. Ovulation
E. All of these
D. Ovulation
Atresia of tertiary follicles can be the result of excessive levels of... A. Estrogen B. FSH C. LH D. All of these
C. LH
*side note: or too little FSH
Ovarian granulosa cells produce all of the following except... A. Anti Mullerian hormone B. Androgens C. Inhibin D. Insulin like growth factors
B. Androgens (made from theca interna cells)
Estrogen can stimulate ovarian granulosa cell to... A. Undergo mitosis B. Develop more FSH receptors C. Produce more estrogen D. All of these
D. All of these
*side note: also increases insulin like growth factors
Theca interna cells do all of the following except…
A. Produce androgens
B. Serve as nurse cells to the oocyte
C. Produce estrogens
D. Differentiate into luteal cells and produce progesterone
B. Serve as nurse cells to the oocyte
*side note: granulosa cells serve as nurse cells
The process of ovulation requires the actions of... A. Histamine B. Prostaglandins F2 Alpha C. Bradykinins D. All of these
D. All of these
*side note: Granulosa cells secrete these hormones due to the action of LH
Which molecule prevents the oocyte from completing the first meiotic division before ovulating? A. Estrogen B. Inhibin C. Anti Mullerian hormone D. Progesterone
C. Anti Mullerian hormone
The corpus luteum is formed from... A. All ovarian follicles B. Atretic ovarian follicles C. The follicle that has just ovulated D. The oocyte that fails to ovulate
C. The follicle that has just ovulated
The human corpus luteum produces... A. Progesterone B. Relaxin C. Estrogen D. Inhibin E. All of these
E. All of these
When does menstruation occur? A. At the beginning of the follicular phase B. Just before ovulation C. Just after ovulation D. During the luteal phase
D. During the luteal phase
The increased secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone that drives ovulation is caused by…
A. A decline of estrogen levels at the end of the follicular phase
B. An increase of estrogen levels at the end of the follicular phase
C. Atresia of the pre-ovulatory follicle
D. Death of the corpus luteum
B. An increase of estrogen levels at the end of the follicular phase
What rescues the corpus luteum from luteolysis?
A. Progesterone
B. Relaxin
C. The LH that is normally secreted during the luteal phase of the ovary
D. Human chorionic gonadotropin produced by a seven day old embryo
D. Human chorionic gonadotropin produced by a seven day old embryo
During most of the follicular phase, secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone by the cyclic center of the hypothalamus is suppressed by... A. Endorphins B. Norepinephrine C. GABA D. Acetylcholine
C. GABA
During the luteal phase, secretion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone by the cyclic center of the hypothalamus is suppressed by... A. Endorphins B. Norepinephrine C. GABA D. Acetylcholine
A. Endorphins
Which hormone suppresses gonadotrophin releasing hormone secretion by the cyclic center in the luteal phase? A. Estrogens B. Inhibin C. LH D. Progesterone
D. Progesterone
Progesterone stimulates all of the following except…
A. Secretion of nutrients into the uterine lumen
B. Stimulates uterine endometrium growth during the proliferative phase of the uterus
C. Development of the glandular structure of the uterine endometrium
D. Development of the glandular structure of the mamillary glands
B. Stimulates uterine endometrium growth during the proliferative phase of the uterus
*side note: during the proliferative phase, only estrogen is stimulating uterine growth
Which molecule inhibits uterine contraction? A. Estrogen B. Oxytocin C. Prostaglandin F2 alpha D. Progesterone
D. Progesterone
*side note: all the other ones actually stimulate uterine contractions. Progesterone inhibits them by forming gap junctions
Which molecule stimulates uterine contractions? A. Norepinephrine B. Relaxin C. Estrogen D. Progesterone
C. Estrogen
Which hormone causes the softening of the uterine cervical connective tissue you allowing it to stretch at parturition? A. Relaxin B. Progesterone C. Oxytocin D. Prolactin
A. Relaxin
Estrogen causes all of the following except…
A. Inhibition of gap junction formation between uterine myometrial cells
B. Production of large volume of watery cervical mucus that promotes sperm survival
C. Keratinization of vaginal epithelium that protects the female reproductive tract from infection and damage
D. Contractions of the fimbria of the oviduct at the time of ovulation
A. Inhibition of gap junction formation between uterine myometrial cells
*side note: this is progesterone’s job
Which hormone stimulates fetal growth and protein synthesis, causes insulin insensitivity, and stimulates lipolysis in the mother towards the end of the pregnancy? A. Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin B. Prolactin C. Relaxin D. Oxytocin
A. Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
The fetal adrenal gland plays an important role in…
A. Determining when parturition should begin
B. Producing androgens to stimulate fetal growth
C. Producing cortisol at the end of pregnancy to stimulate fetal maturation
D. Producing androgens to serve as a precursor for placental production of estrogen
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Lactation has all of the following affects on the mother except…
A. Hastening the return of ovulatory cycle
B. Stimulating endorphin release to improve the mother’s mood
C. Making it easier for the mother to lose body fat by mobilizing her energy stores for milk production
D. Stimulating uterine contractions and returning the uterus to a smaller size faster
A. Hastening the return of ovulatory cycle
Which hormone is not correctly matched with its action on the mamillary glands?
A. Oxytocin-stimulates the release of milk
B. Oxytocin-stimulates milk synthesis
C. Prolactin-stimulates milk synthesis
D. Progesterone-inhibits the activation of enzymes involved in milk synthesis
B. Oxytocin-stimulates milk synthesis
Which signal begins the process of parturition?
A. Decreased production of estrogen by the placenta
B. Decreased secretion of androgens by the fetal adrenal
C. Increase to secretion of epinephrine by the mother’s adrenal gland
D. Increased secretion of cortisol by the fetal adrenal
D. Increased secretion of cortisol by the fetal adrenal
