Spring 02: Racism, Bias, Opioids Flashcards
Racial Justice equals (diversity/equity/equality).
Equity
Disparity equals (inequity/inequality) and implies that there are (similarities/differences) between (individuals/population groups).
Inequality;
Differences;
Either individuals or groups
T/F: Infant mortality is higher among AA non-smokers than among White smokers.
True
T/F: being perceived as white is associated with better health, even within same educational level.
True
Institutional racism is (micro/macro) racism.
Macro
Interpersonal racism is (micro/macro) racism.
Micro
T/F: inequity is synonymous with inequality.
False
T/F: inequity is synonymous with disparity.
False
T/F: inequity is a synonym of injustice and unfairness, which is qualitative in nature.
True
Implicit bias is defined as the (X) that affect our (Y) in (conscious/unconscious) manner.
X = attitudes/stereotypes Y = understanding, actions, decisions
Unconscious
T/F: implicit bias can only be negative.
False - positive or negative
T/F: everyone is susceptible to implicit bias.
True
T/F: implicit biases produce behavior that may diverge from someone’s endorses principles and beliefs.
True
List three things that can be responsible for our implicit biases.
- Experiences influence perception
- Media/societal structure
- Limited interactions with certain groups/people
We are more likely to rely on unconscious processes when we are (X).
X = stressed (high cognitive load, lack of sleep, etc)
List some situations in health care that can be affected by implicit bias (and have been in the past).
- Referrals
- Pain med prescriptions
- Providing treatment
- Effectiveness of communication
- Influence on diagnoses/expectations and outcomes
T/F: microaggression if often intentional
False
T/F: microaggression is directed at minority or non dominant group
True
T/F: microaggression often consciously but subtly reinforces a stereotype
False - subtle, unintentional
List three key things we can do to fight implicit bias.
- Educate yourself (about history, present, and your unconscious beliefs)
- Take action (I.e. Interact more with groups, change your perspective)
- Be accountable
Death from (cars/guns/drugs) has risen drastically, so that it is now the leading cause among those three causes.
Drugs (overdose)
T/F: MA is among the lower half of states in terms of drug overdose deaths.
False - toward the top
T/F: number of overdose deaths in MA continues to rise.
True
T/F: Opioid deaths typically involve other drugs present as well.
True
One reason for surge in opioids overdose is a transition to (X) drugs from opioids.
X = heroin and illicitly-made fentanyl
One strategy to address opioids use is prescription “take back” event in which:
Unwanted prescription drugs can be deposited
While all other countries have drop in all-cause mortality (ages 45-54), US has overall rise in recent years. What do we attribute this to?
Substance abuse/addiction
T/F: All US states have seen an increase/surge in rate of drug overdose between 2010 and 2015.
True
(X) drug, which is (natural/synthetic) and was not around in 2010, is really driving the deaths via opioids.
X = fentanyl
Synthetic
Opioid deaths are usually (single/poly) substance.
Polysubstance
T/F: In MA, prescription opioids are relatively low contributor, compared to other drugs, to opioid deaths.
True
T/F: In all states, prescription opioids are relatively low contributor, compared to other drugs, to opioid deaths.
False - not all states
One reason for surge in opioids overdose is the more erratic and deadly (X) drug supply.
X = heroin
The (X) has come out with opioid prescription guidelines for chronic pain.
X = CDC
The CDC recommends to avoid prescribing opioids and (X) drugs when (Y).
X = benzodiazepines Y = whenever possible
CDC recommends re-evaluating chronic opioid treatment within (X) days/weeks/months of starting and then at least every (Y) days/weeks/months.
X = 1-4 weeks Y = 3 months
Baltimore has shown that (increasing/decreasing) (X) has greatly decreased overdose deaths.
Increasing;
X = opioid agonist treatment
A study in Norway showed that people on waiting list for (X) treatment are (Y) times more likely to die of overdose than people on (X) treatment.
X = opioid agonist Y = 4
What are examples of drugs used for opioid agonist treatment?
- Buprenorphine
2. Methadone
The initial (acute) reason most people misuse opioids.
The high/euphoria
The subsequent (chronic) reason most people misuse opioids.
Avoid withdrawal (to feel normal)
List the four goals of medication treatment for opioid use disorder.
- Relief of withdrawal
- Opioid block
- Reduce opioid craving
- Restore reward pathway
Opioid detox outcomes: (low/high) rate of retention in treatment.
Low
Opioid detox outcomes: (low/high) rate of relapse. About (X)% abstinent at 6 months and about (Y)% abstinent at 12 months.
High;
X = 50
Y = 15
(Methadone/Buprenorphine) is a full agonist of opioids. (Methadone/Buprenorphine) is a partial agonist.
Methadone; Buprenorphine
(X) is a pure opioid antagonist.
X = naloxone
T/F: One strategy to address opioid overdose is having supervised injection facilities.
True
An individual, over time, begins to believe what’s said about his race. This is describing (X) level of racism.
X = internalized
Microaggression is a(n) (X) level of racism.
X = interpersonal
Less funding for school with students of color is a(n) (X) level of racism.
X = institutional
Inequalities in power, access, and opportunities are examples of (X) level of racism.
X = structural
(X) Act in (Y) year had major impact on substance abuse sentencing laws. It primarily targeted (Z) communities.
X = Anti-Drug Y = 1986 Z = black
Anti-drug Act disproportionately criminalized (X) communities in which way?
X = black
If you have a 500 grams cocaine (trafficking) you go to jail for the same time as 5 grams of crack cocaine (personal use)
Marijuana use data shows that (blacks/whites) use it more.
Nearly equal
Marijuana arrest data shows that (blacks/whites) arrested more.
Blacks, by nearly 10-fold difference
Blacks arrested for marijuana use spend (more/less/equal) jail time as whites arrested for same reason.
More (20x longer)
T/F: Rate of death increases significantly upon release of prison.
True
Rate of death is almost (X) times (higher/lower) than the general population in the 2 weeks following release from prison.
X = 13
Higher
Rate of death following incarceration is almost (X) times (higher/lower) than the general population throughout life.
X = 3
Higher
Two main reasons for death after release from prison.
- Overdose
2. Heart disease
T/F: Prisoners don’t have health insurance.
False
After release from prison, most people are (insured/uninsured) via:
Either medicare or uninsured
For every year you spend in prison, your life expectancy drops by (X) years.
X = 2
It costs (X) per year to incarcerate a prisoner.
X = 20,000
In “million dollar blocks”, there are (many/few) people that are regularly (X), so lots of money ends up going into (Y).
Many;
X = arrested/incarcerated
Y = incarcerating these blocks
Individuals with HIV that are released from prison have significant (rise/decline) in continuing antiretroviral drugs. This leads to (X) phenomenon.
Decline;
X = viral rebound
Lifetime risk of black gay men getting HIV is (X).
X = 1 in 2
In mid 1980s-1990s (X) was the biggest killer of black men. Around 1995, (Y) was the big game-changer that saved many lives.
X = HIV Y = Combination therapy (as standard treatment)
T/F: Combination therapy was drastic help for all communities equally.
False - help for all communities, but especially communities of color
Since 1970s, the gap in life expectancy between races/genders has (increased/decreased).
Decreased by 1/3
(X) is essential in combating health care disparities in minority communities.
X = public awareness
The (X) Act of 2010 brought arrest disparity down from (Y) ratio to (Z) ratio.
X = Fair Sentencing Y = 100:1 Z = 18:1
