spread of modern humans around the world

Question 1

out of africa hypothesis

Answer 1

• African Erectus & Ergasta left Africa : 2 - 1 mya
• Erectus (Asia) & Neanderthalensis (Europe)
• African Sapiens left N Africa
• replaced Asia & Europe : superior technology and communication

Question 2

multiregional hypothesis

Answer 2

• earlier homo species migrated out of africa
• became reproductively isolated
• Erectus , neanderthalensis, sapiens
• fossil evidence (1)
• genetic links, mtdna (2)
• archaeology (3)

Question 3

1. fossils

Answer 3

• oldest Sapien fossils found in africa
• modern Sapien fossils found outside africa
• suggest origin in Africa

Question 4

2. genetic links

Answer 4

• DNA : nuclear & mitochondrial
• MtDNA : shorter than nuclear , mutates quicker , passes unchanged from mother
• ## variations (marker), fixed rate of mutation shows age lineage

Question 5

how does genetics show where modern homo sapiens originated?

Answer 5

• compared markers
• african have greater number of markers
• evolved over time
• must be oldest

Question 6

how does genetics show when modern homo sapiens originated?

Answer 6

• compared markers
• 150 k - 195 k ya in africa (last common female ancestor)
• genetics and fossils : Sapiens originated 0.2 - 0.195 mya
• cladogram : original common ancestor (0.2 mya) , san and indigenous have greatest markers , non-indigenous descended from african ancestor

Question 7

when and where did modern human migrate?

Answer 7

• mtdna
• 60 k ya
• middle east
• eurasia (50k)
• australia (40k)
• europe (40k)

Question 8

how are human populations linked genetically?

Answer 8

• mtdna
• closeness of relationships between populations (and within)
• similarities in genetic makeup
• contain stories of ancestral mtdna
• neanderthal quite different

Question 9

where do the san fit in?

Answer 9

• oldest living population
• mtdna
• branched from sapiens
• direct descendents of original population

Question 10

3. archaeological evidence

Answer 10

• heidelbergensis : geological isolation
• different diet (seafood) : shell middens
• omega-3 and high protein : advanced brains

Question 11

what evidence is there in south africa of early sapiens?

Answer 11

• “eve’s footprints” : langebaan, 0.117 mya (human footprints)
• klasies river caves : tsitsikamma river, 0.115 mya (human features buried)
• border cave : kzn, 0.1 mya (infant)
• blombos cave : southern coast, 0.14 - 0.08 mya (shellfishing , ochre tool kit , bone tools , beads from shells , engraved ochre)

Question 12

pinnacle point cave

Answer 12

• mossel bay
• 0.17 - 0.04 mya
• developing ingenuity
• reach coast , catch shellfish at low tide
• use of fire (ochre artifacts)

Question 13

conclusion (coastal sites)

Answer 13

• production of art : bamboo
• burial of dead : klasies river caves
• complex hunting tool kit : pointed stone flake tools , long flake blade , finely worked stone scrapers