Spot Test Flashcards
What are the two kinds of fibrous joints?
Sutures and fibrous sheets
What are sutures?
Joints between the skull bones
What are fibrous sheets? give an example
syndesmoses eg interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna
What are the two kinds of cartilaginous joints?
Primary and secondary
What are primary cartilaginous joints? Give and example:
Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage and may ossify eg epiphyseal growth plate
What are secondary cartilaginous joints? Give an example:
Fibrocartilage between bones eg invertebral discs
What are the main bones of the skull?
Frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal and occipital
What is the head of the femur?
Epiphysis
What is the neck of the femur?
Metaphysis
What are the five subtypes of synovial joint?
Pivot (>45 degree), plane, ball and socket, hinge, biaxial
What is subluxation?
Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
What is dislocation?
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
What are the TMJs?
Mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of temporal bone superiorly & (head of condylar process of the madible inferioirly
What is the special feature of the TMJ?
Articular disc
What is the structure of bone?
Outer cortex and inner medulla
What is the outer layer of the bone called?
Periosteum (very painful in fractures)
What are the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity?
anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa
What bone has no articulations?
Hyoid
What is the pectoral girdle?
Bones of the shoulder that attache upper limb to axial skeleton
What is the hole that passes through base of skull?
Foramen magnum
What are the bones of the facial skeleton?
Nasal (left and right), zygomatic bone (left and right- cheek bone), maxilla (left and right), mandible
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many scral vertebrae fused to scrum are there?
5
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there fused to coccyx?
4
When can the intervertebral foramen be seen?
Lateral view
What is the first palpable spinous process?
C7 (vertebrae prominens)
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
What are the true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs?
1-6, 7-10, 11 &12
What are the three layers of the heart?
epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
What are the major vessels?
SVC, aorta, PT
What are the borders of the heart and what makes up most of them?
Right- right auricle
Left lateral- left ventricle
Inferior surface rests on diaphragm
How does the electrical impulse spread through the heart?
SAN- AVN- Bundle of HIS, L&R bundle branches, Purkinje fibres
What is the junction for all four chambers of the heart?
Crux of the heart
What supplies the heart with nerves?
Cardiac plexus
What is the deltoid muscle?
Muscle forming rounded contour of the shoulder
What single joint does the deltoid muscle cross?
Shoulder
What is the deep bowl like stucture of the proximal ulna?
Trochlear notch
What does brachii relate to?
Arm region of body (muscles here named as such)
What does biceps mean?
Has two heads
What is the route taken by APs called?
Reflex arc
What are the layers of the skin?
epidermis, dermis,superficial fascia, deep fascia, skeletal muscle
At what vertebrae does the larynx become the trachea?
C6
What supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi
Hyaline cartilage
What is the narrowest part of the larynx?
Rima glottidis
What is the scapulla?
Shoulder
What is the landmark for CPR?
Xiphoid process of sternum
What are the joints of breathing?
Costovertebral, sternocostal, costochondral,
What makes up the lower GI tract?
Caecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
What is the process on C2 vertebra?
Odontoid process
What are the 4 muscles of chewing?
Masseter, temporalis, medial pretygoid, lateral pterygoid
What is the ring of circularly arranged muscles around the lips that prevent drooling?
Orbicularis oris
What are the gumes called?
Gingivae
What are the three major pairs of salivary glands and where are they loacted?
Parotid- near ears
Submandibular- below jaw
Sublingual - below tongue
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasal, Oro, Laryngo
What does the pharynx continue as inferiorly?
oesophagus
What are the group of tonsils at the back of the oral cavity referred to?
Waldeyer’s ring of tonsils
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
What are the two muscle layers of the GI tract?
Outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle, inner circular layer of smooth muscle
What is the space in the abdominal cavity posterior to peritoneum?
retroperitoneum
What are the organs of the foregut?
Oesophagus to mid- duodenum and liver, gallbladder, spleen and half of pancreas
What are the organs of the midgut?
Mid- duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon plus half pancreas
What are the organs of the hindgut?
Distal 1/3 of tranvers colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal
Where do the major vessels aorta and IVC pass through?
Retroperitoneum and diaphragm
How do you expose the retroperitoneal organs?
remove the liver, stomach, pancreas and most of intestines
What are the 3 anterior midline branches of AA and what does each supply?
Coeliac trunk (foregut organs)
Superior mesenteric artery (midgut organs)
Inferior mesenteric artery
(hindgut organs)
What drains blood from the foregut, midgut and hind gut to the liver?
Hepatic Portal vein
What drain blood from the foregut and where does it go to?
Splenic vein, hepatic portal vein
What drains blood from the hindgut and where to?
inferior mesenteric vein to splenic vein
What drains blood from the midgut and where to?
superior mesenteric vein to the hepatic portal vein
What are the two venous systems and where do the meet?
Portal venous
Systemic
liver
What are the nine abdominal regions?
right hypochondrium, epigastric, left hypocondrium
right lumbar region, umbilical, left lumbar region
right inguinal region, pubic, left inguinal region
What are the main sphincters of GI tract and where are they located?
Cricopharyngeal (between pharynx and oesophagus)
Pyloric (stomach and duodenum)
External anal
What kind of muscle is the pyloric sphincter made of?
Smooth
What makes up the sternum?
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
What are the main 4 muscles of breathing?
External, interal, innermost intercostal, diaphragm
What drains the posterior part of the intercostal spaces?
Azygous vein
What supplies the posterior part of intercostal spaces?
Thoracic aorta
What supplies the pairs of 11 intercostal spaces?
bilateral posterior intercostal arteris from thoracic aorta
What nerve supplies the diaphragm?
Phrenic (C3,4 and 5)
Where can you palpate the trachea?
Jugular notch superiorto manubrium
What does the cephalic vein run in ?
Delto-pecotral groove
What are the abdominal muscle called?
Rectus abdomins
What are the three muscles on the lateral wall that guard the abdomen?
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdomins
How do the greater and lesser sac of the peritoneum communicate?
Omental foramen
Where does the portal triad lie?
Free edge of the lesser omentum
When draining ascites where must the needle be placed?
Lateral to rectus sheath
Where does breakdown of red blood cells occur?
Spleen
where is bile formed
Liver
How does bile get to duodenum?
Biliary tree
What is involved in storage of bile?
Gall bladder
What makes up the portal triad?
Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein, Common Bile Duct
What does the celiac trunk trifurcate into?
Splenic, hepatic and left gastric arteries
What supplies the stomach with blood?
Right and left gastric arteries along lesser curvature
right and left gastro-omental along greater curvature
What are the 4 anatomical segments of the liver?
Right Lobe, Left Lobe, Caudate lobe, quadrate lobe
How is blood drained from liver?
Via 3 main hepatic veins into IVC
What is the venous drainage of the liver?
splenic vein (foregut) to hepatic portal vein, inferior mesenteric (hind gut) to splenic vein, superior mesenteric ( midgut) to hepatic portal vein- liver IVC
How does bile get in and out of gallbladder?
cystic duct
What is the blood supply to the gallbladder?
Cystic artery and right hepatic artery
What does the bile duct join to form?
Main pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of vater that then drains into the duodenum
What does the ampulla of vater pass through to drain into duodenum and what is the sphincter?
major duodenal papila, sphincter of oddi
What does the hepatic duct drain into?
cystic duct (to gall bladder), Bile duct
Where does lymph drain into?
Thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct
