Sports science internal

Question 1

Question 21 (B) using the data deduce the effect of each practice group on each skill

Answer 1

• Variability reduced for all skills/ practice groups post-test
  -shooting and dribbling appear to be more advanced skills compared to trapping and passing
  -Post-test mean for trapping improved significantly through variable and game based practice and passing improved significantly for game-based practice.

Question 2

Outline fixed practice

Answer 2

fixed practice is a specific movement pattern used when the performer completes the skill by a constant repetitions of skills. There is usually a limited variance in the practice and is usually used for closed skills such as tennis serves.

Question 3

Describe the type of transfer used by the game-based practice group during post-test competition

Answer 3

Practice to performance
= as game-based practice develops skills that stimulates the environment of an actual competition/match

Question 4

define performance

Answer 4

the temporary occurrence ability of an athlete that fluctuates over time

Question 5

Explain how physical maturation and motivation can affect the rate of learning

Answer 5

someone with high motivation may be more keen in laerning a new sport/skill, increasing their rate of learning opposed to someone with low motivation. Younger athletes may find it harder ot learn a new sport as they are usually in the cognitive stage of learning while older athletes are in the associative stageg of learning

Question 6

Define overtraning

Answer 6

overtraining occurs when an athlete engages in excessive training beyond their physical and mental capacity and leaving insufficient periods of rest, resulting in a loss in progress and health deteriorating significantly

Question 7

Define overreaching

Answer 7

An athlete places stress on their body that is beyond their current limit of tolerance, but only for a short period of time

Question 8

List two symptoms of overtraining

Answer 8

Chronic muscle soreness, reduced immune function, increased resting heart-rate

Question 9

Discuss how exercise affects susceptibility to infectious disease in a highly-trained athlete

Answer 9

• highly trained athletes are more susceptible to infections than their sedentary peers
• highly trained athletes can experience inflammation caused by muscle damage
  -Highly trained athlete have a lower leucocyte numbers caused by stress of the exercise
  -relationship can be seen as a J curve

Question 10

Outline strategies a marathon runner could use to reduce the risk of infection

Answer 10

-maintain good hygiene and sanitation
-Sufficient amount of sleep
-drink lots of water, athlete maintains fluild levels

Question 11

explain adrenaline regulation immediately prior to a sprint race

Answer 11

-brain triggers adrenal glands in response to stress
-andrenaline is realeased into bloodstream
-This would allow the sprinter to have an increased heart-rate
-circulates to target cells

Question 12

Describe the function of adrenaline during exercise

Answer 12

-blocks glucose storage by the muscles
-increase heart rate
-increase vasodilation of blood vessels within the muscles
-stimulates gylcogenolysis
-stimulates lipolysis

Question 13

Describe how hormone levels are regulated

Answer 13

-hormones are primarily controlled by negative feedback,
-once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance
- the endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine glands
-The nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones

Question 14

outline the functions of two components of blood

Answer 14

Platelets- help with blood cotting during the times of injury, therefore helps the process of repair in a injury

White blood cells- they help with immune function as they produce antibodies
-they protect the body from infection / foreign substances.

red blood cells- contains haemoglobin that deliver oxygen around the body to the working muscle, haemoglobin binds with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin

Question 15

Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance training

Answer 15

-lower resting heart rate as the heart is stronger from training and doesn’t need to work as hard at the same level
-lowering exercising heart when working at the same load as untrained
-increased levels of aerobic system enzyme activity so it can create more ATP
-increase in cardiac output as the heart is stronger so the hear can potentially pump more blood in a minute
-increase in capillarisation which will mean that greater volume of blood can be transported to the muscle
–increase in blood volume, blood can carry more oxygen
-

Question 16

Define the term motivation

Answer 16

the internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour

Question 17

Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in exercise

Answer 17

• intrinsic motivation comes from within the athlete themselves such as having fun
  -extrinsic motivation is stimulated from external sources such as a financial incentive

Question 18

Evaluate the effect of using extrinsic rewards to influence motivation

Answer 18

strength- extrinsic rewards cab be provide information about the quality of performance
limitations- extrinsic rewards can be seen as controlling behaviour
- rewards reduce intrinsic motivation therefore the individual has no control

Question 19

Describe the relationship between arousal and sporting performance for a weightlifter according to the inverted-U hypothesis

Answer 19

-for a weightlifter it would require high levels of arousal to exert strength and power however if the arousal levels are too high it could affect their form and concentration, low arousal does the same as well

Question 20

discuss the effect of specific positive and negative emotions on a cyclist’s performance during an endurance race

Answer 20

positive emotions- joy/ happiness can create a positive mindeset, more arousal
- relief could calm the nevers and increase confidence

negative emotions
- anxiety may mean they are distracted by their own thoughts and mess up
-anger, fixed minset
-boredom - arousal levels may be low
-fear ( avoids the contact of other people)

Question 21

Outline ethical issues associated with the measurement of personality

Answer 21

informed consent, confidentiality, use of results and predicting personality may be problematic

Question 22

explain the interactionist approach to personality using a sporting example

Answer 22

the interactionist approach states that personalities are developed through an interaction between the person and the environment

an example of this could be a basketball player could be quite timid and shy but while playing this and interacting between the environment the basketball player may be more extroverted / confident

Question 23

distinguish between sate and trait anxiety

Answer 23

state anxiety is situational while trait anxiety is pre-exising since birth (innate)

Question 24

two examples of somatic anxiety in sport

Answer 24

sweaty hands and increased heartrate

Question 25

evaluate the competitive state anxiety inventory 2

Answer 25

sports analysts/coaches to quantify personality though personality though a quiz

however reliability is questionable as personality can be a subjective topic