Sports science internal Flashcards
Question 21 (B) using the data deduce the effect of each practice group on each skill
- Variability reduced for all skills/ practice groups post-test
-shooting and dribbling appear to be more advanced skills compared to trapping and passing
-Post-test mean for trapping improved significantly through variable and game based practice and passing improved significantly for game-based practice.
Outline fixed practice
fixed practice is a specific movement pattern used when the performer completes the skill by a constant repetitions of skills. There is usually a limited variance in the practice and is usually used for closed skills such as tennis serves.
Describe the type of transfer used by the game-based practice group during post-test competition
Practice to performance
= as game-based practice develops skills that stimulates the environment of an actual competition/match
define performance
the temporary occurrence ability of an athlete that fluctuates over time
Explain how physical maturation and motivation can affect the rate of learning
someone with high motivation may be more keen in laerning a new sport/skill, increasing their rate of learning opposed to someone with low motivation. Younger athletes may find it harder ot learn a new sport as they are usually in the cognitive stage of learning while older athletes are in the associative stageg of learning
Define overtraning
overtraining occurs when an athlete engages in excessive training beyond their physical and mental capacity and leaving insufficient periods of rest, resulting in a loss in progress and health deteriorating significantly
Define overreaching
An athlete places stress on their body that is beyond their current limit of tolerance, but only for a short period of time
List two symptoms of overtraining
Chronic muscle soreness, reduced immune function, increased resting heart-rate
Discuss how exercise affects susceptibility to infectious disease in a highly-trained athlete
- highly trained athletes are more susceptible to infections than their sedentary peers
- highly trained athletes can experience inflammation caused by muscle damage
-Highly trained athlete have a lower leucocyte numbers caused by stress of the exercise
-relationship can be seen as a J curve
Outline strategies a marathon runner could use to reduce the risk of infection
-maintain good hygiene and sanitation
-Sufficient amount of sleep
-drink lots of water, athlete maintains fluild levels
explain adrenaline regulation immediately prior to a sprint race
-brain triggers adrenal glands in response to stress
-andrenaline is realeased into bloodstream
-This would allow the sprinter to have an increased heart-rate
-circulates to target cells
Describe the function of adrenaline during exercise
-blocks glucose storage by the muscles
-increase heart rate
-increase vasodilation of blood vessels within the muscles
-stimulates gylcogenolysis
-stimulates lipolysis
Describe how hormone levels are regulated
-hormones are primarily controlled by negative feedback,
-once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance
- the endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine glands
-The nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones
outline the functions of two components of blood
Platelets- help with blood cotting during the times of injury, therefore helps the process of repair in a injury
White blood cells- they help with immune function as they produce antibodies
-they protect the body from infection / foreign substances.
red blood cells- contains haemoglobin that deliver oxygen around the body to the working muscle, haemoglobin binds with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin
Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance training
-lower resting heart rate as the heart is stronger from training and doesn’t need to work as hard at the same level
-lowering exercising heart when working at the same load as untrained
-increased levels of aerobic system enzyme activity so it can create more ATP
-increase in cardiac output as the heart is stronger so the hear can potentially pump more blood in a minute
-increase in capillarisation which will mean that greater volume of blood can be transported to the muscle
–increase in blood volume, blood can carry more oxygen
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Define the term motivation
the internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour
Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in exercise
- intrinsic motivation comes from within the athlete themselves such as having fun
-extrinsic motivation is stimulated from external sources such as a financial incentive
Evaluate the effect of using extrinsic rewards to influence motivation
strength- extrinsic rewards cab be provide information about the quality of performance
limitations- extrinsic rewards can be seen as controlling behaviour
- rewards reduce intrinsic motivation therefore the individual has no control
Describe the relationship between arousal and sporting performance for a weightlifter according to the inverted-U hypothesis
-for a weightlifter it would require high levels of arousal to exert strength and power however if the arousal levels are too high it could affect their form and concentration, low arousal does the same as well
discuss the effect of specific positive and negative emotions on a cyclist’s performance during an endurance race
positive emotions- joy/ happiness can create a positive mindeset, more arousal
- relief could calm the nevers and increase confidence
negative emotions
- anxiety may mean they are distracted by their own thoughts and mess up
-anger, fixed minset
-boredom - arousal levels may be low
-fear ( avoids the contact of other people)
Outline ethical issues associated with the measurement of personality
informed consent, confidentiality, use of results and predicting personality may be problematic
explain the interactionist approach to personality using a sporting example
the interactionist approach states that personalities are developed through an interaction between the person and the environment
an example of this could be a basketball player could be quite timid and shy but while playing this and interacting between the environment the basketball player may be more extroverted / confident
distinguish between sate and trait anxiety
state anxiety is situational while trait anxiety is pre-exising since birth (innate)
two examples of somatic anxiety in sport
sweaty hands and increased heartrate
