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GCSE PE > Sports psychology > Flashcards

Sports psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Define skill

A
  • A learned action or behaviour with the intention of bringing about expected results, with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy
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2
Q

Define ability

A
  • An inherited, stable trait that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill
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3
Q

What is open skills?

A
  • Those affected by the surrounding environment
  • A pass in hockey
  • dribbling in football
  • A rugby tackle
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4
Q

What is closed skills?

A
  • Not affected by the environment or the performers within it
  • A penalty kick in football
  • A gymnastics vault
  • A tennis serve
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5
Q

What are basic skills?

A
  • Are simple
  • Require little thought
  • Don’t need much information to be processed
  • Require little decision making
  • Running
  • Cycling
  • Swimming
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6
Q

What are complex skills?

A
  • Are difficult
  • Require thought and concentration
  • Require a lot of information to be processed
  • Require a lot of decision making
  • Trying to dribble past defenders
  • Rock climbing
  • Passing the baton in a relay race
  • A lay up in basketball
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7
Q

What are self-paced skills?

A
  • The skills is started when the performer decides to start it
  • The performer controls the speed, rate or pace of the skill
  • Serving in tennis
  • Bowling in cricket
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8
Q

What are externally-paced skills?

A
  • The skill is started because of an external factor
  • External factors, such as an opponent, control the speed, rate or pace of the skill
  • Receiving a serve in table tennis
  • Marking an opponent in basketball
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9
Q

What are gross skills?

A
  • Use big, strong, powerful movements
  • They involve the use of large muscle groups to perform
  • A tackle in rugby
  • Powerful lifting
  • Powerfully striking in football
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10
Q

What are fine skills?

A
  • Use small and precise movement, showing high levels of accuracy and coordination
  • Involve the use of a small group of muscles
  • A drop shot in badminton
  • A short putt in golf
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11
Q

What are performance goals?

A

Focus on your own personal performance and can compare yourself against what you have already done or suggest what you aim to achieve

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12
Q

What are the advantages of performance goals?

A
  • Considered more appropriate than outcome goals as there is no comparison with other performers
  • Once the goals are achieved, the standard of performance will increase leading to more successful outcomes
  • More motivating and can be achieved on your own, as they don’t rely on others
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13
Q

What are outcome goals?

A
  • Focus on the end result such as winning
  • The desired outcome of the goal
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14
Q

What are the advantages of outcome goals?

A
  • used for more advanced players to motivate them to achieve their desired results
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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of outcome goals?

A
  • Some performers become so focused on the end result they don’t focus on their actual performance, such as the good technique required for a successful result
  • The end result always relies on input from others. Even if you play really well, the team may still lose, meaning the goal is not achieved
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16
Q

What are the values of goal setting?

A
  • Increased motivation
  • Increased focus
  • Increased standard
  • Reduced anxiety
  • Improving monitoring of progress
  • Improved planning of training sessions
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17
Q

What are the SMART targets?

A
  • Specific
  • Measurable
  • Accepted
  • Realistic
  • Time bound
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18
Q

What does specific mean and give an example?

A
  • Goals must be specific to the demands of the sport, such as the muscles movements be used
  • To reduce the percentage of unforced errors in my passing from the centre third in netball
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19
Q

What does Measurable mean and give an example?

A
  • Must be something that can be measured
  • To run a 10km 3 seconds faster than my previous best
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20
Q

What does accepted mean and give an example?

A
  • A target that is accepted by you and any others involved, such as your coach
  • I currently run 100m in 13 seconds. My goal is to run 100m in 12 seconds. My coach and I both accept we will work to achieve this
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21
Q

What does realistic mean and give an example?

A
  • A goal that is possible given all factors that are involved
  • I currently throw the Javelin 30m. I am going to start an additional training session each week and my goal is to throw 35m by the end of the season
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22
Q

What does time bound mean and give an example?

A
  • Goals must be assigned a time frame for completion
  • My goal is to run 200m in 45 seconds by 4 July this year
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23
Q

What is the Information Processing model?

A
  • Input
  • Decision-making
  • Output
  • Feedback
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24
Q

Describe the information processing model

A
  1. Input- the information received from the display (your senses) via selective attention
  2. Decision-making- the selection of an appropriate response using the information ‘input’ and that stored in (long-term) memory- past similar experiences. Information stored in short-term memory at first, information is rehearsed and stored in the performers long-term memory
  3. Output- information you send to your muscles to carry out the response
  4. Feedback- a review of your responses; can be from yourself (intrinsic) and/or from others (extrinsic)
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25
Q

What is selective attention?

A

This is focusing on the important information (stimuli).

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26
Q

What are the four types of guidance?

A
  • Verbal
  • Visual
  • Manual
  • Mechanical
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27
Q

What is visual guidance and give example

A
  • When the performer is shown the skill
  • a video of there performer
  • pictures, photos or sketches
  • a good-quality demonstration
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28
Q

What should be done for a good demonstration of visual guidance?

A
  • Images must be clear allowing performer to understand
  • demonstrations must be seen more than once
  • demonstrations must be good quality
  • demonstrations must be clearly visible
29
Q

Who is visual guidance better for?

A
  • beginners as they get a mental rehearsal/ image of what the movement should be
30
Q

What are the advantages of visual guidance?

A
  • performer can copy the movement
  • can be used with groups
31
Q

What are the disadvantages of visual guidance?

A
  • If demonstration is poor, incorrect movement can be learned
  • Time-consuming/ expensive if video used
  • As complex or quick movements are difficult to see clearly, can be difficult to recognise what the action is and to copy it
32
Q

What is verbal guidance and how should the information be given?

A
  • When the performer is told information about how to complete the correct technique
  • Information must be clear
  • Information must be concise
  • Performer must be able to hear the instruction
33
Q

What are the advantages of verbal guidance?

A
  • Instructions can be given quickly
  • Can be used during performance
  • No equipment required
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of verbal guidance?

A
  • Some movements are hard to explain
  • Relies on the coach’s communication skills being good enough so that the performer can understand the information
35
Q

What is manual guidance?

A
  • Is where the coach physically supports or moves the performer to help them get into the correct position
36
Q

What are the advantages of manual guidance?

A
  • Performer can get a feel for a movement
  • Builds confidence
  • Can help breakdown a movement into phases
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of manual guidance?

A
  • Feeling is not the same as actually doing it unaided
  • Performer can become dependent on their support
  • Incorrect feel can lead to incorrect movement being used
  • Can only be used 1:1
38
Q

What is Mechanical Guidance?

A
  • Is where the Coach uses equipment to support the performer to help them with the technique
39
Q

What are the advantages of Mechanical Guidance?

A
  • Performer can get a feel for the movement
  • Builds confidence
  • Reduces danger
40
Q

What are the disadvantages of Mechanical Guidance?

A
  • Feeling is not the same as doing it unaided
  • Performer can become dependent on support
  • Incorrect feel can lead to incorrect movement being learned
  • Can’t normally be used with large groups
41
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A
  • Is from within the performer
42
Q

When do performers use intrinsic feedback?

A

Experienced performers:
- The skill is already well learned
- They can feel their own errors and make amendments to their own performance based on the internal feedback

43
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A
  • Feedback from outside of the performer
  • Coach telling you what you did right or wrong
44
Q

Why is extrinsic feedback important?

A
  • Someone watching the skill can observe problems and explain what needs to be done to correct them
  • Less experienced performers are more likely to need extrinsic feedback, as they aren’t yet able to detect their own errors
45
Q

What is knowledge of results?

A
  • This focuses on whether your performance got the result you wanted
  • Did you run the 100m in 14 seconds
46
Q

Why is knowledge of results important?

A
  • It is useful for beginners, to see how near they are to achieving the result they want
47
Q

What is knowledge of performance?

A
  • Focuses on the way you carried out the skill or technique
  • Was your sprint start technique correct
48
Q

What is positive feedback and why is it important?

A
  • Being told what was good about your performance or technique
  • More motivating for beginners, as being told they did something wrong can cause demotivation
49
Q

What is negative feedback and why is it important?

A
  • Telling you what was wrong with your performance or technique
  • Used with more experienced performers who can use this information to correct errors in technique
50
Q

What is the inverted-U theory?

A
  • The theory states that as arousal increases, so does performance up to an optimum point, after which if arousal continues to rise, performance will drop owing to become over anxious
51
Q

Define Arousal

A
  • A physical and mental state of alertness and readiness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement/alertness
52
Q

Define Optimum Arousal

A
  • The point at which the best, or optimal, performance occurs
53
Q

How do the optimum levels of arousal vary depending on what type of skill being performed?

A
  • Fine movement skills- e.g golf putt- concentration and precise movement is required, need lower levels of arousal
  • Gross movement skills- e.g tackle in rugby- large muscle movements required, need higher levels of arousal
54
Q

What are the stress management techniques?

A
  • Visualisation/imagery
  • Mental rehearsal
  • Deep breathing
  • Positive Self- Talk
55
Q

What is Visualisation/imagery?

A
  • You visualise yourself playing well with a successful outcome
  • You visualise yourself in a comfortable, stress-free environment and focus on how relaxed you feel in that imagined environment
56
Q

What is Mental rehearsal?

A
  • During a warm up, you prepare physically and mentally for the coming activity. Mental preparation can be through mental rehearsal
  • During the event, the performer goes through a skill or sequence of events they’re about to perform in their mind. This helps clarify the skill they’re about to perform, so they’re confident they’re ready to perform
57
Q

What is deep breathing?

A
  • Slow down; focus on breathing in more slowly for longer
  • Then breathe out more slowly for longer
  • When you feel less aroused and therefore more calm, perform your skill
58
Q

What is Aggression?

A

An aggressive act in sport:
- Used to deliberately cause harm or injure another person e.g performing a high tackle in rugby
- Can be physical or mental, provided the intent is to harm
- Can be classified as direct aggression or indirect aggression

59
Q

What is direct aggression?

A
  • An aggressive act that involves physical contact with others to cause physical harm to gain an advantage
  • Normally outside the rules of the sport, but the performer carries them out in hope that they’ll not be caught
60
Q

What is indirect aggression?

A
  • An aggressive act that doesn’t involve physical contact
  • A nasty remark
  • An act against an object to gain advantage
  • The intended harm is mental to put the opposition off their game
61
Q

What is an introvert and what are their characteristics?

A
  • A quiet, passive, reserved personality type, usually associated with individual sport performance:
  • Shy
  • Quiet
  • Thoughtful
  • Enjoy being on their own
  • Tend to play individual sports that require:
  • Concentration and precision (fine skill), such as archery
  • Low arousal, such as running
62
Q

What is an Extrovert and what are their characteristics?

A
  • A sociable, active, talkative, outgoing personality type usually associated with team sports players:
  • enjoy interaction with others
  • Sociable and aroused by others
  • Enthusiastic and talkative
  • Prone to boredom when by themselves
  • Extroverts tend to play team sports where:
  • There is a fast pace, such as basketball
  • Concentration may need to be low
  • Gross skills are used, such as rugby scrum
63
Q

What is motivation?

A
  • The drive to succeed
  • The desire to achieve something
  • The inspiration to do something
  • Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation
64
Q

What is Intrinsic motivation?

A
  • It is when you are driven to perform well out of personal feeling of, for example:
  • Pride
  • Self-satisfaction
  • Accomplishment
  • Self-worth
  • Achievement
65
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A
  • Is the drive to perform well or to win in order to gain external rewards, from another source or person. It is when you are driven to perform well for:
  • Prizes/trophies/medals
  • Money
  • Praise
66
Q

How can Extrinsic motivation be divided into two things?

A

Tangible- rewards you can touch, such as certificates, trophies, medals

Intangible- rewards you can’t touch, such as praise, feedback, applause

67
Q

Why is Intrinsic motivation important?

A
  • Lead to continued effort
  • Doesn’t rely on receiving external rewards
68
Q

Why is Extrinsic motivation important?

A
  • May lead to feelings of pride and self-satisfaction associated with intrinsic motivation
69
Q

What are the disadvantages of Extrinsic motivation?

A
  • If your only extrinsically motivated you might not try your best
  • Can reduce intrinsic motivation
  • Become more reliant on receiving rewards

GCSE PE (6 decks)

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