Sports Medicine Flashcards
How are injuries classified?
By cause: direct, indirect, overuse
By type of tissue: soft, hard
Or by time period: chronic, acute
What is a direct injury?
The tissue was damaged ar the site of an external injury: tackled in rugby, hit by a ball
It can result in fractures, dislocations, harmatomas and bruises
What is an indirect injury?
The tissue is damaged by an internal force (generated by muscles); not at the site of an injury: sprains and strains, as it happens to ligaments and muscles
Happens because of ballistic movement, excessive strain on muscles and tendons
What is an overuse injury?
Are chronic injuries
Due to intense/unreasonable use of joints or techniques, because enough time wasn’t given to recover
Causes pain and inflammation
Results in: tendonitis, jumpers knee
What are tissue injuries?
hard: bone, teeth
Bone fracture, tooth dislodge: more serious than soft tissue injuries, must be carefully cared for
soft: skin, muscle, tendon, ligament, blood vessel, cartilage, organs, nerves
Can be due to chronic or acute injuries
What are acute and chronic injuries?
acute: sudden stress, due to collisions, being struck by an object and falling from a height or at speed
chronic: continuous stress, from training too hard, bad technique, no recovery time
classification of sports injuries
Direct soft tissue: cut from ice skate
Indirect hard tissue: broken leg from force at ankle
These are acute injuries
All overuse injuries are chronic but not all chronic are overuse
What are open and closed injuries
Open means the skin has been broken - cuts, grazes
Closed means it’s under the skin - bruising, pulls, strains, sprains
Types of injuries
Blisters: skin rubbing on surfaces -
No bubble bursting= infection
Skin abrasion: should be cleaned carefully as it’s caused by falls and contains dirt and grit
Types of wounds
Wound - leads to skin being broken from impact
Laceration: irregular tear caused by blunt trauma
Avulsion: body structure torn off by trauma/surgery - skin ripped off from fingers
Puncture: splinter, nail
Amputation
Incision: cut to skin via knife
What is acclimatisation and how do you acclimatise?
The process to get the body adjusted to change in temp, humidity, altitude. To allow performance maintainence in new environmental conditions
It takes 2 weeks of 60mins of acclimatisation exposure. And can be done by living/training in a different environment or in a simulation environment
What are the 3 types of acclimatisation?
heat going from a cold environment to a warmer environment - means increased sweat rate, skin blood flow - body temp decrease
cold shivering - increase metabolic heat production, vasoconstriction - decrease heat loss, improve ability to generate warmth without shivering. Good heat conservation mechanisms
altitude if not properly adjusted to lower oxygen levels, can cause altitude sickness
How do climatic conditions affect an athlete? As they can pose as injury risks
temp hyperthermia, hypothermia, too much sweating, stiffness, have extreme heat policy
humidity high humidity affects the ability to thermoregulate, harder to cool down via evaporation
Fluid intake guidelines before performance
2L per day, 500ml approx 4 hours before, 300ml 15 mins before, 150ml for every 15-20mins of exercise
Climatic conditions - wind, rain
wind affects ball sports, affects running, in wet conditions, can increase hypothermia
rain hypothermia, slippery, games called off
Climatic conditions - pollution and altitude
pollution above a certain level, can cause respiratory problems
altitude vo2 Max decrease, 6.3% per 1000m of increased altitude, higher EPO - more red blood cell count
Safe grounds and equipment
Important to maintain facilities and equipment to ensure player safety. Making sure equipment is up to date like helmets, footwear, padding, tripping hazards and should be checked regularly. Especially for children and young adults
Ways of matching opponents
Age - year groups, prepubescent children tend to play in a team, approximates physical, psychological development
Size - weight classes, reduce injury, can be abused - weight cutting: extreme dehydration, weight loss, health risks
Skill level - age and skill take part, divisions, grades, leagues. Belts, fifa. Promotes safety and well-being
Sex - separate competition for fem, male, attributed to physical, biological, hormonal characteristics
Sport policies - roles and responsibilities
Safety and injury prevention to provide a safe and competitive environment - adapts a risk management with,education and awareness
Duty of care - anyone in official capacity obligated to make sport safe. Failing to do so results in negligence
Roles: event manager, club, grounds curator, facility owner, other participants, coach, facility manager, referee
What is negligence? And claims
Duty of care was breached, damage was suffered because of it
Claims - bad supervision, failure to observer, refer, stabilise injured player, failure to stop violent conduct, unequal matching of opponents, improper return to play
Rules of sport and activities
Size of field - too small then bumps, too big can be difficult for kids to run
Length of competition, number of breaks, equipment size and equipment, foul and unfair play.
Rules keep athletes safe and punish those who break them. Can change over time - harsher punishments, banning techniques, changes in policy regarding equipment and environment
Modified rules for children
Can’t go as long as adults so they need more breaks, smaller fields, less people on the field, closer goals
Prevention of sports injuries: pre-screening, warm up, stretching, physical preparation, cardio endurance, strength and flexibility training
Pre-activity screening questionnaire: identify athletes at high risk of injury, è.g old, young, pregnant, sick
Warm up: preps for exercise, increase muscle flexibility, turns on nervous system, reduces injuries and soreness, cold muscles cause strain, sprain
Stretching: static holding apart for time and then changing, used moderately, team sports = dynamic stretching(moving a lot) - increase VO2 max
Cardio endurance: fatigue leads to injuries
Strength and flexibility: stretch reflex promotes bone density, reduces bone injuries, reduces injury from rom injuries
Skill and technique, cool down component, protective equipment and taping and bracing
Avoid injury and force in unnatural directions
Promotes blood flow, lower intensity exercise, gradual heart rate decrease, removes waste products, prevents venous pooling
Equipment used to avoid injury, mandate protective equipment(shinpads, helmets, mouth guards) can be wearable and non wearable
Taping and bracing for preventative measures for supporting joint and muscles, wrist knee straps, lifting belt, spotters squat suit, monolift to eliminate chances of injury
Components of rehabilitation
Don’t make it worse, give it time, keep it low intensity
Stages:
Pain management: 4-6days: early
Flexibility joint rom: 5d-2ms: intermediate
Strength,endurance:21d-1yr: advantage
Proprioception and coordination can be impaired after injury
Returning to play:
End process, gradual transition, meet specific requirements, start training w team, match exposure gradually increase playtime
Therapeutic methods
Cupping, foam rollers, acupuncture
Taping and bandaging
Reduces joint rom to lower injury rate, kinaesthetic feedback, tape stretch=ligament stretch, isolates injury, shifts parts into correct position:patella, reduce ankle sprain by 70%
Used to limit pain at injury site,
Bandaging: compression ricer pressure reduce bleeding, moves away fluid, swelling, pain
Bruises and hematomas
Bruises cause bleeding under the skin -swelling and discolouration
Haematomas are a collection of blood outside of blood vessels from blood leaks in capillaries. Corked thigh will cause a bruise and may result in a Haematoma
Should be treated with ice to reduce swelling
Sprains are to ligaments
Strains are to muscles
Sprains: ligament at joint stretch and torn, external force, jumping stepping on a foot. Mild, partial, complete
Strains: forcefully overstretched muscles, tears muscle fibres
5%, 50%, complete, pulled hamstring, roller sports
Hard tissue injuries: bone fractures
Fractures lead to swelling,bruising, nerve damage, immobile,
Can be simple(closed) and compound(open)
Closed: bone crack but not skin
Open: bone crack skin crack very serious. Caused by rugby, horse riding, are difficult to prevent cos they’re sudden
Types of fractures: complete, incomplete and comminuted
Dislocation: luxation can be direct/indirect injuries. Separation between bones. Fingers, ballsocket joints, ligament tissue take long time to heal
Head injuries: neck spine, serious. Causes tetraplegia, paraplegia, complete and incomplete
Chronic injuries: overuse
Repeated powerful muscle movement: tennis, golf
Causes tendons at elbow joints to inflammation, needs ice pack and lots of rest
Shin splints: lower leg pain by continuous stress over a long period of time. Cracks around the bone, needs icepack and lots of rest and cushioned footwear to prevent further injury
