Sports Medicine

Question 1

How are injuries classified?

Answer 1

By cause: direct, indirect, overuse
By type of tissue: soft, hard
Or by time period: chronic, acute

Question 2

What is a direct injury?

Answer 2

The tissue was damaged ar the site of an external injury: tackled in rugby, hit by a ball

It can result in fractures, dislocations, harmatomas and bruises

Question 3

What is an indirect injury?

Answer 3

The tissue is damaged by an internal force (generated by muscles); not at the site of an injury: sprains and strains, as it happens to ligaments and muscles

Happens because of ballistic movement, excessive strain on muscles and tendons

Question 4

What is an overuse injury?

Answer 4

Are chronic injuries

Due to intense/unreasonable use of joints or techniques, because enough time wasn’t given to recover
Causes pain and inflammation
Results in: tendonitis, jumpers knee

Question 5

What are tissue injuries?

Answer 5

hard: bone, teeth
Bone fracture, tooth dislodge: more serious than soft tissue injuries, must be carefully cared for

soft: skin, muscle, tendon, ligament, blood vessel, cartilage, organs, nerves

Can be due to chronic or acute injuries

Question 6

What are acute and chronic injuries?

Answer 6

acute: sudden stress, due to collisions, being struck by an object and falling from a height or at speed

chronic: continuous stress, from training too hard, bad technique, no recovery time

Question 7

classification of sports injuries

Answer 7

Direct soft tissue: cut from ice skate
Indirect hard tissue: broken leg from force at ankle
These are acute injuries
All overuse injuries are chronic but not all chronic are overuse

Question 8

What are open and closed injuries

Answer 8

Open means the skin has been broken - cuts, grazes

Closed means it’s under the skin - bruising, pulls, strains, sprains

Question 9

Types of injuries

Answer 9

Blisters: skin rubbing on surfaces -
No bubble bursting= infection

Skin abrasion: should be cleaned carefully as it’s caused by falls and contains dirt and grit

Question 10

Types of wounds

Answer 10

Wound - leads to skin being broken from impact

Laceration: irregular tear caused by blunt trauma
Avulsion: body structure torn off by trauma/surgery - skin ripped off from fingers
Puncture: splinter, nail
Amputation
Incision: cut to skin via knife

Question 11

What is acclimatisation and how do you acclimatise?

Answer 11

The process to get the body adjusted to change in temp, humidity, altitude. To allow performance maintainence in new environmental conditions

It takes 2 weeks of 60mins of acclimatisation exposure. And can be done by living/training in a different environment or in a simulation environment

Question 12

What are the 3 types of acclimatisation?

Answer 12

heat going from a cold environment to a warmer environment - means increased sweat rate, skin blood flow - body temp decrease

cold shivering - increase metabolic heat production, vasoconstriction - decrease heat loss, improve ability to generate warmth without shivering. Good heat conservation mechanisms

altitude if not properly adjusted to lower oxygen levels, can cause altitude sickness

Question 13

How do climatic conditions affect an athlete? As they can pose as injury risks

Answer 13

temp hyperthermia, hypothermia, too much sweating, stiffness, have extreme heat policy

humidity high humidity affects the ability to thermoregulate, harder to cool down via evaporation

Question 14

Fluid intake guidelines before performance

Answer 14

2L per day, 500ml approx 4 hours before, 300ml 15 mins before, 150ml for every 15-20mins of exercise

Question 15

Climatic conditions - wind, rain

Answer 15

wind affects ball sports, affects running, in wet conditions, can increase hypothermia

rain hypothermia, slippery, games called off

Question 16

Climatic conditions - pollution and altitude

Answer 16

pollution above a certain level, can cause respiratory problems

altitude vo2 Max decrease, 6.3% per 1000m of increased altitude, higher EPO - more red blood cell count

Question 17

Safe grounds and equipment

Answer 17

Important to maintain facilities and equipment to ensure player safety. Making sure equipment is up to date like helmets, footwear, padding, tripping hazards and should be checked regularly. Especially for children and young adults

Question 18

Ways of matching opponents

Answer 18

Age - year groups, prepubescent children tend to play in a team, approximates physical, psychological development

Size - weight classes, reduce injury, can be abused - weight cutting: extreme dehydration, weight loss, health risks

Skill level - age and skill take part, divisions, grades, leagues. Belts, fifa. Promotes safety and well-being

Sex - separate competition for fem, male, attributed to physical, biological, hormonal characteristics

Question 19

Sport policies - roles and responsibilities

Answer 19

Safety and injury prevention to provide a safe and competitive environment - adapts a risk management with,education and awareness
Duty of care - anyone in official capacity obligated to make sport safe. Failing to do so results in negligence

Question 20

Roles: event manager, club, grounds curator, facility owner, other participants, coach, facility manager, referee

Question 21

What is negligence? And claims

Answer 21

Duty of care was breached, damage was suffered because of it

Claims - bad supervision, failure to observer, refer, stabilise injured player, failure to stop violent conduct, unequal matching of opponents, improper return to play

Question 22

Rules of sport and activities

Answer 22

Size of field - too small then bumps, too big can be difficult for kids to run

Length of competition, number of breaks, equipment size and equipment, foul and unfair play.

Rules keep athletes safe and punish those who break them. Can change over time - harsher punishments, banning techniques, changes in policy regarding equipment and environment

Question 23

Modified rules for children

Answer 23

Can’t go as long as adults so they need more breaks, smaller fields, less people on the field, closer goals

Question 24

Prevention of sports injuries: pre-screening, warm up, stretching, physical preparation, cardio endurance, strength and flexibility training

Answer 24

Pre-activity screening questionnaire: identify athletes at high risk of injury, è.g old, young, pregnant, sick

Warm up: preps for exercise, increase muscle flexibility, turns on nervous system, reduces injuries and soreness, cold muscles cause strain, sprain

Stretching: static holding apart for time and then changing, used moderately, team sports = dynamic stretching(moving a lot) - increase VO2 max

Cardio endurance: fatigue leads to injuries

Strength and flexibility: stretch reflex promotes bone density, reduces bone injuries, reduces injury from rom injuries

Question 25

Skill and technique, cool down component, protective equipment and taping and bracing

Answer 25

Avoid injury and force in unnatural directions

Promotes blood flow, lower intensity exercise, gradual heart rate decrease, removes waste products, prevents venous pooling

Equipment used to avoid injury, mandate protective equipment(shinpads, helmets, mouth guards) can be wearable and non wearable

Taping and bracing for preventative measures for supporting joint and muscles, wrist knee straps, lifting belt, spotters squat suit, monolift to eliminate chances of injury

Question 26

Components of rehabilitation

Answer 26

Don’t make it worse, give it time, keep it low intensity

Stages:
Pain management: 4-6days: early
Flexibility joint rom: 5d-2ms: intermediate
Strength,endurance:21d-1yr: advantage

Proprioception and coordination can be impaired after injury

Question 27

Returning to play:

Answer 27

End process, gradual transition, meet specific requirements, start training w team, match exposure gradually increase playtime

Question 28

Therapeutic methods

Answer 28

Cupping, foam rollers, acupuncture

Question 29

Taping and bandaging

Answer 29

Reduces joint rom to lower injury rate, kinaesthetic feedback, tape stretch=ligament stretch, isolates injury, shifts parts into correct position:patella, reduce ankle sprain by 70%

Used to limit pain at injury site,
Bandaging: compression ricer pressure reduce bleeding, moves away fluid, swelling, pain

Question 30

Bruises and hematomas

Answer 30

Bruises cause bleeding under the skin -swelling and discolouration
Haematomas are a collection of blood outside of blood vessels from blood leaks in capillaries. Corked thigh will cause a bruise and may result in a Haematoma
Should be treated with ice to reduce swelling

Question 31

Sprains are to ligaments
Strains are to muscles

Answer 31

Sprains: ligament at joint stretch and torn, external force, jumping stepping on a foot. Mild, partial, complete

Strains: forcefully overstretched muscles, tears muscle fibres
5%, 50%, complete, pulled hamstring, roller sports

Question 32

Hard tissue injuries: bone fractures

Answer 32

Fractures lead to swelling,bruising, nerve damage, immobile,

Can be simple(closed) and compound(open)
Closed: bone crack but not skin
Open: bone crack skin crack very serious. Caused by rugby, horse riding, are difficult to prevent cos they’re sudden

Question 33

Types of fractures: complete, incomplete and comminuted

Question 34

Dislocation: luxation can be direct/indirect injuries. Separation between bones. Fingers, ballsocket joints, ligament tissue take long time to heal

Answer 34

Head injuries: neck spine, serious. Causes tetraplegia, paraplegia, complete and incomplete

Question 35

Chronic injuries: overuse

Answer 35

Repeated powerful muscle movement: tennis, golf
Causes tendons at elbow joints to inflammation, needs ice pack and lots of rest

Shin splints: lower leg pain by continuous stress over a long period of time. Cracks around the bone, needs icepack and lots of rest and cushioned footwear to prevent further injury