Sports Med

Question 1

Ways to classify sports injury

ODISH

Answer 1

O - Overuse - excessive use over long period of time
D - Direct - Occurs at site of external force to body
I - Indirect - Internal or external at site away from initial force
S - Soft tissue - tissue, ligaments, tendons, muscle, skin
H - Hard tissue - Bones and teeth

Question 2

Assessment of injury

TOTAPS

Answer 2

T - Talk - 
O - Observe 
T - Touch
A - Active movement 
P - Passive movement 
S - Skills
effects: prevent (further), support, recovery

Question 3

Soft Tissue Injuries

BLISTAC

Answer 3

Occurs in ligaments, skin, tendons, muscle and tissue.
Types:
Blisters - pocket of fluid caused by friction, freezing or burning in upper layer of skin.
Lacerations - Deep cut or tear in the skin
Sprains - stretching or tearing of ligaments that connect bone to joint
Tears/strain - A stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon

Question 4

Hard Tissue Injuries

Answer 4

Occurs in bones and teeth
Types:
Simple/ closed fracture - fracture but no visible wound
Open/compound - Fracture and bone has protruded
Complicated - Fractured and bone has damaged surrounding tissue
Dislocation (injury to tissue, nerves and blood vessels) - One bone is displaced from another
Subluxation - Dislocated and then relocated

Question 5

Overuse Injuries

Answer 5

Excessive use

common injuries: shin splints, tendonitis and stress fractures

Question 6

Soft Tissue Injury Management

Answer 6

RICER - strains and sprains

Abrasions/Lacerations:

• stop bleeding if necessary and clean wound (cold running water
• apply non stick dressing
• seek medical advice

Burns:

• Cold running water
• keep clean and sterile
• Seek medical advice

Question 7

Inflammatory Response

Answer 7

Initial stage of repair that occurs in the first 24-48 hours post injury. It is the bodies natural reaction to injury and infection that involves the widening of blood vessels to allow more blood flow to the tissue surrounding the injured site which increases white blood cells that clean up the debris and fight infection.

Stages:
1- inflammatory stage: redness, heat, tenderness, swelling, loss of function and pain.
2- Repair stage (3d-6w) : Eliminate debris, form scar tissue and new fibre.
3- Remodelling stage (6w-months) : Development of scar tissue to strengthen area and regain full function. Dependant on amount of rehab.

Question 8

Management of sprains and strains

RICER

Answer 8

Rest: minimal movement for the first 48-72 hours
Ice: Apply for 20 - 30 mins every 2hrs as it constricts vessels and reduces blood flow at injured site reducing pain and swelling.
Compression: Ice should be firmly applied by a tight dressing to further reduce swelling and provide support
Elevation: Injured site elevated above heart to reduce volume and pressure of blood flow - reduces swelling.
Referral: Seek medical assessment and advice to ascertain full extent of injury.

Question 9

Management of dislocation

Answer 9

Immobilisation
splinting or slinging above and below fracture point
check circulation
attempt RICER if no pain is caused.

Question 10

Thermoregulation

CC Ran Past Mr Ellis

Answer 10

Maintenance of body temperature controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain.

Conduction: The transfer or removal of heat through contact e.g. icepack, ice block, sitting on concrete
Convection: Removing or gaining heat through fluid e.g. air - cold air current = cool down warm air current - warm up - hot air rising from sun heated ground.
Radiation: UV (sun) or IR (rays on body) e.g. if someone is close enough you can feel their heat radiating
Physical exercise: Structured, repetitive bodily movement in order to improve components of fitness. Muscle movement produces heat.
Metabolism: Eating/chemical breakdown increases body temp - chemical process that produces heat
Evaporation: Heat loss through sweating - cool down. Made more effective with convection.

injuries related to thermoregulation are heat stroke and heat exhaustion due to dehydration - sweating 2-3 L of fluid lost per hour through evaporation

Question 11

Children and Young People

ATOM

Answer 11

Appropriateness of resistance training -
thermoregulation- Convection, conduction, radiation, physical exercise, metabolism and evaporation.
overuse injuries - stress fractures
medical conditions -

Question 12

Climate conditions can result in….

Answer 12

Hypothermia: Low body temperature - lose more heat from body than you can gain
Hyperthermia: High body temperature - gain more heat from body than you can lose

Question 13

How does the body increase and decrease temperature?

Answer 13

Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels to redirect blood flow to the core in order to increase body temperature.
Vasodilation: Widening of blood vessels to direct blood to the surface to decrease body temperature.

Athletes with high levels of subcutaneous fat have more protection and thereby lose heat more slowly

Question 14

Environmental Conditions

Answer 14

Humidity: Environmental warmth which limits/slows evaporation
Wind: convection - can heat up or cool down the body
Rain: assists body cooling down but can also affect safety through visibility and stability.
Altitude: The higher up the less oxygen forcing body to acclimatise which can take 2 weeks and therefore increases red blood cell production to assist with oxygen transport around the body.
Pollution: affects those with asthma due to reduction of O2 transported through body as airways resist airflow and irritation lessening the effectiveness of working muscles. may also create eye irritation and nausea.

Question 15

Adult and Aged Athletes

HFF

Answer 15

Heart conditions: ranging from hypertension to heart attacks. prescreening, medical clearance, prescribed exercise regime (aerobic exercise - moderate FITT) and monitoring.
Fracture/ bone density: Leading to osteoporosis - inactivity should be avoided as it encourages calcium discharge, weakening the bones. Suggested: Moderate -low impact exercise that should build resistance gradually such as endurance walking, cycling or swimming)
Flexibility/ joint mobility: older experience arthritis, tight muscles and joint aches. programs should encourage stretching to increase range of motion as well as balance and stability. They should be low impact and specific to the individuals needs and health conditions. e.g. Yoga, Pilates, Cycling, walking or swimming.

Question 16

Female athletes

BEIP/BIPE

Answer 16

Bone density: Lack of calcium resulting in bones being weak and increases chances of fractures. contact sports avoided. If the parathyroid gland is overactive, calcium is released into blood and bones become even more brittle. one strongest in 20s.
Eating disorders: binge eating, starving or purging - anorexia or bulimia nervosa - common when physique is necessary for technique and successful performance- may occur from others (peers, magazines, media), Expectations (coach, family, social expectations) or image to conform and have ideal physique
Iron deficiency: Lower levels of haemoglobin and therefore lower levels of O2 . This effects participation through the lowering of energy levels as well as increases fatigue. may result in anaemia. aerobic sports effected most - marathon
Pregnancy: moderate exercise can enhance cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, well-being, weight control, muscle tone and overall experience of labour. Hydration (restricts blood flow) and intensity should be monitored to ensure babies health and foetal development.

Question 17

Groups of Specific Athletes

Answer 17

children and young people (ATOM)
aged and adults (HFF)
female athletes (BEIP/BIPE)

Question 18

Preventative actions to enhance the wellbeing of the athlete

Physical preparation
CD WUS PP FAST

Answer 18

Physical preparation: Preparation that allows the body to cope with the demands of the activity.
Cool Down: The point where the body returns to normal temperature, circulation and respiratory rates by the inclusion of maintaining a stretch, dispersal of lactic acid and reduction of heart rate to prevent blood pooling and DOMS.
Warm up: reasons include increased circulation, muscle flexibility/range of motion and redistribution of blood.
Stretching:
static- muscle group is gradually stretched beyond normal range and held in place (stationary)
Dynamic: Active movement stretching that is not held in place for extended periods of time.
PNF- static stretch followed by an isometric contraction and a relaxation phase. e.g. tensing muscle and releasing and repeating - aim is to increase muscle length.
Prescreening: Assesses the health status of a person before they began a training program to identify both strengths and weaknesses - limitations -medical conditions - allows tailored programs for individual to be created.
Physical Fitness: A required level of fitness must be attained before competition begins as a lack of fitness may contribute to injury as body cannot meet the demands of the activity. E.g. 1500m runner needs endurance whereas 100m sprinter needs power and speed. higher fitness allows for higher endurance, higher intensity and longer duration activities.
Skills/Techniques: efficiency to perform required activities properly.
- Temporal patterning: smaller movements in sequence
- Pacing: movements precisely times and
- control of movement. High jump - timing sequence for run up control of landing.

Question 19

Preventative actions to enhance the wellbeing of the athlete

Answer 19

Physical prep (CD WUS PP FAST)
sports policy and environment ( RMMPS)
Taping and bandaging (PBT)

Question 20

Sports policy and sports environment

RMMPS

Answer 20

Rules: Enhance flow of play, reduce risk of injury and allow equal freedoms and restrictions - even playing field and consistency.
Modified rules: specific needs of children to encourage, involve and promote enjoyment and health
Matching of opponents: decrease risk of injury through even playing feild and no advantage in age, skill level, disability, weight or gender.
Protective equipment: can be optional or compulsory to meet safety standards and avoid risk of injury. limitations include; ease of play, lack of air flow, cost and access.
Safe grounds, equipment and facilities: responsibility of the organising group/ officials to make sure the grounds are safe for players i.e. no rubbish, padded goals, perimeters clear, lighting etc to avoid injury and enhance flow of game. create supportive environment.

Question 21

Taping and Bandaging

PBT

Answer 21

Preventative taping: Protect, support and strengthen area to avoid excessive stress during movement.
Taping for isolation of injury: Assists in the rehab process after injury by providing support while the athlete takes part in a skills test.
Bandaging for immediate treatment of injury: When RICER is performed and compressionbandaging is required in order to limit movement.