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PDHPE > Sports Med > Flashcards

Sports Med Flashcards

1
Q

What is a direct injury?

A

Caused by an external force or blow. Can be caused by a collision with another person or being struck with an object.

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2
Q

What is an indirect injury?

A

Does not occur through physical contact but from poor technique, fatigue or over stretching. It can also occur some distance from impacted site eg falling on an out stretched arm.

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3
Q

How do over use injuries occur?

A

Excessive and repetitive force is placed on the bones and other connective tissue.

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4
Q

What is a soft tissue injury?

A

Abrasions, tears or strains, inflammation or sprains. They are the most common injuries within sport.

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5
Q

What is a hard tissue injury?

A

Fractures, dislocations and bruising of the bone. They involve damage to the bone of the skeleton.

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6
Q

What is a tear?

A

Disruption of the fibers of a muscle or tendon. Occurs when a muscle is overstretched or contracts too quickly.

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7
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Tear of ligaments, muscles or tendons surrounding a joint. Occurs when joint is extended beyond its normal range of movement.

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8
Q

What is a contusion (bruise)?

A

Bleeding of the soft tissue. Caused by direct blow from external force.

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9
Q

What is a skin abrasion?

A

Occurs when outer layer of skin is removed.

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10
Q

What is a skin laceration?

A

When the skin is cut.

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11
Q

What is a blister?

A

Results from friction. One layer of skin separates from another and a small air pocket is formed that fills with fluid.

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12
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

The initial stage is the acute inflammatory response, immediately the body increases blood flow and other fluids to injured site. Accumulation of fluid will cause increase in tissue pressure, thus pain.

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13
Q

What are the key points to managing a soft tissue injury?

A

RICER- rest, ice, compression, elevation, referral.

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14
Q

What does RICER help to achieve?

A

Minimal swelling, ease of pain, reduction in scar tissue, reduction in rehabilitation time and helps to prevent further damage.

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15
Q

How long should you remain inactive after obtaining an injury?

A

48-72 hours. The duration depends on the severity of the injury.

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16
Q

How does applying ice help an injured site?

A

Causes blood vessels to constrict, thus decreasing circulation and resulting in a less inflamed site. Ice should be applied to the surrounding area in addition to the direct site for 20-30 mins every 2-3 hours.

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17
Q

How is the compression applied to a soft tissue injury?

A

With a wide elastic bandage over and surrounding the injured site. This will help to reduce swelling by limiting fluid build up.

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18
Q

What does the second R stand for in RICER?

A

Referral- medical advice should be sought out asap to know the full extent of the injury and to commence appropriate rehabilitation.

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19
Q

What does immobilization aim to achieve?

A

Minimal movement to the injured area. Achieved by immobilizing the joint above and below injured site. If long shaft of bone splint should be used.

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20
Q

What is TOTAPS and when is it applied?

A

Talk, observe, touch, active movement, passive movement and skill test. It is used for assessing injuries.

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21
Q

Who applies the active movement?

A

Athlete.

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22
Q

Who applies the passive movement?

A

The coach.

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23
Q

What is the acronym for children and young athletes?

A

ATOM - appropriateness of resistance training, thermoregulation, overuse injuries, medical treatment (asthma, diabetes, epilepsy.)

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24
Q

Why should children use resistance training?

A

They are not yet completely developed thus they should only be lifting their own body weight it acceptable to use light weights high reps, however this should still be monitored and they should be taught the correct technique.

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25
Q

What is thermoregulation and why is it a considered factor in young children?

A

The ability for the body to regulate its temperature. Children have smaller limbs in relation to torso size, less developed sweat glands, less muscular development and more opportunity to lose fluid through their relatively large skin surface area.

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26
Q

Why are children prone to overuse injuries?

A

This is due to the growth plates of the bones, bones grow faster than muscles or tendons producing inflammatory responses. Children should not over train particularly on hard surfaces, they should play a variety of sports in a variety of positions ensuring appropriate conditioning and stretching.

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27
Q

Which medical conditions are predominant in children?

A

Asthma- Narrowing of the air ways. Strenuous activity can trigger asthma, many are encouraged to swim, factors that make the condition worse include cold and dry air. Ensure there is an adequate warm up, provide opportunity for rest.
Epilepsy- Seizures/uncontrollable movements. Fatigue and extreme body temps can be a trigger. If occured allow unrestrained, ensure a safe space, allow the person to rest.
Diabetes- Should adhere to specific dietary requirements, if over worked they can collapse suitable substances (lollies) should be given to increase blood sugar levels.

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28
Q

What is the acronym for adult and aged athletes?

A

Have fun forgetting!

  • heart condition
  • flexibility/joint mobility
  • fracture/bone density
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29
Q

Why are heart conditions an issue for aged athletes?

A

CVS less effective, decrease in ability to carry oxygen, weaker heart, narrowed and less elastic blood vessels, high blood pressure. Avoid strenuous exercise as fatigue sets earlier.

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30
Q

Why are fractures and bone density an issue for aged athletes?

A

Bones are more brittle and less dense resulting in easier fractures. Avoid contact sports, resistance training should be an important consideration.

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31
Q

Why is flexibility and joint mobility an issue in aged athletes?

A

Flexibility deceases with age because of loss of elasticity in tendons, ligaments and muscles. Regular slow stretching can make the full range of movements possible. Swimming, yoga and tai chi are good activities to partake in.

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32
Q

What is the acronym for female athletes?

A

Emily ignores boys penises!

  • Eating disorders
  • Iron deficiency
  • Bone density
  • Pregnancy
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33
Q

Why are eating disorders an issue for female athletes?

A

Eating disorders lead to starvation and dehydration both of which impair performance.

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34
Q

Why is iron deficiency an issue with female athletes?

A

Females need twice as much iron as males, iron is needed in the blood to carry oxygen and co2 it is important in the chemical reactions to produce energy. Can result in anemia causing early fatigue and affecting athletic performance.

35
Q

Why is bone density and issue in female athletes?

A

Calcium deficiency is associated with osteoporosis and makes fracturing bones easier. Calcium is necessary for bone strength and is required in the blood to make muscles and tendons function correctly. Females aged 19-50 require 1000mg and 51+ 1300mg.

36
Q

What is the acronym for preventative actions to minimize injury?

A 
People Should Prepare Well!
Pre-screening 
Skill and technique
Physical fitness
Warm up,stretching, cool down.
37
Q

What does pre-screening involve?

A

Involves the athlete to partake in a questionnaire that divulges current fitness level, goals and allows trainer to become acquainted with medical history. Provides starting point and allows exercise program to be tailored to the individual. Will consider age, gender, health status and previous experience.

38
Q

Why should we consider skill and technique in preventative actions?

A

Poor skill & technique results in many injuries. The places extra responsibility on the coach to ensure that the correct technique is taught. In some cases athlete may have correct technique but this may have to be modified due to a change in conditions.

39
Q

Why is physical fitness a contributing factor in physical preparation?

A 
Athletes can prevent injuries by placing emphasis on specific physical fitness components. Eg netball work on speed. 
They need physical prep for 
-previous injuries
-medical conditions
-disabilities 
-identified personal playing weakness
40
Q

Why are warm ups a factor in physical prep?

A
  • Fine tunes the body for competition
  • Focus’s on specific areas that are needed for sport
  • Should last between 20-35 minutes
  • Increases blood flow, stretches ligaments & tendons, assists in mental prep.
41
Q

Why is stretching a factor in physical prep?

A

-Increases muscle length, reduces tension in muscle, increase blood circulation, improves range of movement.
Should last 10-15 mins & reduce chance of injury.
Following guidelines should be followed-
Relax/stretch slowly, breathe normally, do not push a stretch to an uncomfortable position, place special emphasis on muscle groups specific for sport.

42
Q

What is static stretching?

A

Involves gradual stretching of muscle to a position of mild tension the position is held without bouncing for 10-30 seconds.

43
Q

What is PNF stretching?

A

Involves static stretching of muscle followed by an isometric contraction. No movements but muscle is stretch by applying force to an exterior object, held for 6-10 seconds.

44
Q

Whys is a cool down necessary to physical prep?

A

Assists the body to adjust from intense activity back to normal pre-exercise state. Fluid builds up cool downs allow the removal of this fluid, Reduces muscles soreness and tension. It is the reverse of the warm up.

45
Q

What is the acronym for sports policy and the environment?

A

RUMMS

  • Rules of sports and activities
  • Use of safety equipment
  • Modified rules for children
  • Matching of opponents
  • Safe grounds, equipment and policy
46
Q

Why are rules put in place?

A

To reduce injury. Responsibility is placed on officials to ensure that the players take control and care when participating and do not intentionally infringe the rules.

47
Q

Why should we use safety equipment?

A

Prevention is better than cure. Safety equipment absorbs and disperses energy from direct blow, deflects blows and limits excess movement. Eg helmets, chest guards, mouth guards, should pads.

48
Q

Why do we match opponents?

A

To reduce likely hood of injury and create a fairer playing field, matched for fun and skills rather than receive injuries. However children are generally matched by age this could be seen as unfair as there can be large variations in size and skill.

49
Q

Why is it important to modify rules for children?

A

Lowers risk of injury to players. In some cases this has involved the design of completely new games that develop basic skills, eg netta netball.

50
Q

Why should we have safe grounds, facilities and equipment?

A

They maintain a safe playing environment. Characterized by a level and free of obstruction playing ground. Any fixtures eg goal posts should be covered, well secured from spectators, positioned a safe distance from fencing. Appropriate facilities should be provided (hygienic change room and first aid room.)
All equipment should under go maintenance and regular checks and should be suited to the size of the user.

51
Q

What is the acronym for environmental conditions?

A 
RECC 
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection 
Conduction
52
Q

Why is evaporation an environmental consideration?

A

As sweat evaporates from the skin a cooling effect is achieved thus releasing heat from the body.

53
Q

What is radiation?

A

The gain of heat from and loss of heat to the surrounding environment.

54
Q

What is convection?

A

Moving currents of air. Body temp is influenced by air flow creating a cooling effect.

55
Q

What is conduction?

A

Contact with an object of a different temperature. Eg ice pack

56
Q

What is the acronym for climatic conditions?

A 
Think How Reannon Would
Temperature 
Humidity 
Rain
Wind
57
Q

Why is temp and humidity climatic condition?

A

If air is dry swear evaporates easily if humid it does not. Hyperthermia can develop in hot conditions

58
Q

Why is rain and wind climatic conditions?

A

If air temp is cold it can contribute to wind chill or even lead to hypothermia. The body loses more heat in water.

59
Q

What is acclimatization?

A

The process by which the body adapts to the effects of altitude. Best done as a gradual process, many people may suffer motion sickness.

60
Q

What are the guidelines for fluid intake?

A

500ML before event and 200mL every 10-15 mins.
Thirst is a poor indication of when fluid should be consumed, when we are thirsty we are well on the way to dehydration. Dehydration impends performance and can lead to many health risks.

61
Q

What is taping and bandaging used for?

A

To prevent injury and assist in treatment and rehabilitation. For this to be effective the trainer or strapper must obtain knowledge of sport injuries and the correct way to strap.

62
Q

Why do we do preventative taping?

A
  • It restricts any excessive movement, it involves the application of non adhesive tape.
  • It can also be used to hold protective equipment in place.
  • Taping never provides the same stability as the joint/muscle/tendon so strength training exercises should be undertaken.
63
Q

Why do we tape for isolation?

A

To limit movement or only allow limited movement. Promote recovery it isolates and immobilizes joint. Eg sling for shoulder

64
Q

Why do we tape for immediate treatment?

A

Control bleeding and prevent infection.
Apply pressure reducing swelling.
Immobilize and support injured joint.

65
Q

What is the acronym for the rehabilitation process?

A 
P-GUT
Progressive mobilization
Gradual exercise 
Use of hot and cold
Training
66
Q

What is progressive mobilization and why is it used?

A

It is the freeing of hindered joints. It can be achieved through active or passive movements. Should begin soon after injury as it will reduce scar tissue. It is known as progressive mobilization because the range of movement is gradually increased over time.
NOTE:
Thorough checks should be made eg x-rays.
Should not commence during acute inflammatory stage.
Athlete should be relaxed.
Movement should be slow and progressive.
movement should remain pain free.

67
Q

What does gradual exercise involve?

A

Strengthening, conditioning and total body fitness.

68
Q

Why is stretching used in gradual exercise?

A

Helps to regain flexibility and reduce scar tissue. This will reduce muscle tension, increase circulation, increase muscle and tendon length and increase range of movement.
Static and PNF stretches should be used in the early repair stage. Passive stretching is also common (with machines.)

69
Q

What does conditioning do?

A

Aids in the restoration of muscle strength. Even if the area is immobilized a program should be designed to prevent muscle atrophy. First isometric stretches used then as strength increases isokinetic exercises can be introduced. It is important to monitor strength so that the muscles are equal.

70
Q

Why should we have total body fitness when rehabilitating the body?

A

To keep the athlete at full potential. The maintenance of flexibility, strength and endurance should be promoted. The choice of exercises to maintain TBF will depend on the injury location and severity.

71
Q

What are the benefits of using heat on an injury?

A

Decrease pain, increase circulation and blood flow, reduce joint stiffness, decrease muscle spasms and increase tissue healing.
Superficial heat is at a depth of 1cm where as deep heat is anything greater.

72
Q

How is heat applied?

A

Via heat packs, hydrotherapy, infrared lamps or baths.

73
Q

What are the benefits of using cold on an injury?

A

Reduces pain and swelling, decreases muscle spasms and pain and discomfort.

74
Q

How is Cryotherapy (use of cold) applied to injuries?

A

Through ice packs, in an ice bath, ice massages, ice immersion or topical cold spray.

75
Q

Why should an athlete train when undertaking rehabilitation?

A

Because they are not yet completely ready to return to play. It increases the physical and psychological readiness of athlete, if they were to partake without training their is a great risk of re-injury.
The athlete must develop muscle co-ordination and be able to demonstrate skills needed within the game pain free.

76
Q

What is the acronym for returning to play?

A 
PRIMES
Psychological readiness
Return-to-play policies
Indicators of readiness
Monitoring progress
Ethical considerations
Specific warm up procedures
77
Q

How can psychological readiness be measured?

A

Through discussion, measuring of anxiety levels and observation of behavior. The athlete, coach and medical staff should all feel confident in the physical and psychological readiness of the athlete.

78
Q

What are return-to-play-policies?

A

They vary from sport to sport, they may be determined by overall bodies or individual sporting clubs. However the players welfare must take priority at all times.

79
Q

What are the indicators of readiness for an athlete?

A

Being pain free and having mobility returned to the injured area. Many tests are under taken including basic skills tests and sport specific ones. Any weakness detected can then be worked on and improved. Athlete will also be monitored post training to determine degree of mobility and pain.

80
Q

Why should progress be monitored when returning to play?

A

It benefits the athlete and ensures that further damage is not caused. Both physical and psychological conditions should be measured. The athlete can also benefit from feedback.

81
Q

How is progressed monitored when return to play?

A

Visual observation
Interviews and discussions
Observation of video footage
Use of performance evaluation sheets

82
Q

What are ethical considerations when returning to play?

A

Pressure to participate
Including boredom, a drive for success, fear of losing the position on a team, pressure from sponsors and the media.
Use of pain killers
Attractive for athletes who financially rely on their sport. Although it may suppress the pain whilst playing it should be noted that it will only cause further damage to the injury.

83
Q

Why do athletes have specific warm up procedures when returning to play?

A

To ensure that all joints are at complete range of movement and muscles and tendons are flexible. An athlete returning to play may have to warm up longer and harder. Many athletes develop their own specific warm up or have one designed by a coach to reduce likelihood of re-injury.

PDHPE (2 decks)

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