sports Flashcards
what happened in the playing unfair video?
- though women sports players were starting to make headlines
- any magazine aid was in a sexual manner
- the women were not shown in the same manner as men, it made it seem like women were playing a completely different game then men
what are the three key activities that make a body appear female according to sandra bartkey?
1) a body of a particular size and configuration
2) specific gestures, postures and movements appropriate to a feminine women
3) outward decoration of the body
what is Title IX?
- No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
- The law emerged in June of 1972 to specifically prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender in “any education program or activity that received federal funding.
- Title IX says nothing about athletics; instead, its focus is on educational programs. However, the broad wording quickly hit university sports, where inequity was severe.
what have the changes been since implementation of Title IX?
- Since the early 1980s, the number of women playing sports at college and university in the US has tripled to nearly 200,000.
- At the Olympics, change began to really take hold in Los Angeles in 1984, where 1,566 women competed, 23% of the total, compared with 1,059 or 14.6% in Munich in 1972.
44% of the athletes in London (2012) were women, roughly 500 out of a total around 11,000. - Women accounted for 40.7% of the athletes at the Vancouver (2010) Olympics. This is a proportion first reached at the Summer Games in Greece in 2004.
- Women made up a record number of athletes at the Winter Olympics in PyeongChang—Female athletes made up 41% of all athletes in PyeongChang, not much of a change from their representation in Vancouver.
how has the introduction of women sports changed?
Since 1991, any new sports seeking to be included on the Olympic program have been required to include women’s events.
what happened to women coaches?
- The everyday presence of Canadian women as participants and champions is not matched in coaching.
- Women continue to be underrepresented as accredited coaching staff at the Olympic Games.
- The data is no different in Canadian universities, which actively encourage the hiring of under-represented groups and arguably provide the best coaching jobs in Canada because they come with considerable security of tenure and good salaries and benefits.
- In 2011, a study conducted by the Centre for Sport Policy Studies at the University of Toronto found that while there are almost as many teams in Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) competition for women as there are for men, only 19% of the head coaching jobs are held by women.
how was the Tokyo 2021 summer games significant?
- At the Paralympics, at least 40.5% of athletes will be women, the IOC said, with about 100 more female athletes than in Rio de Janiero in 2016.
- Of the almost 11,000 Olympic athletes in Tokyo almost 49% were women, according to the IOC, marking the first “gender-balanced” games in its history
what are other issues women athletes experience?
- post-partum mothers
- breastfeeding
- sexual assault
what is IOC leadership?
- Women make up significant proportions of the IOC organization, but the numbers remain low at the leadership level.
For example: - IOC membership (recruited by the IOC itself) is 37.5% female
- The IOC executive board is 33.3% female
- Women account for 47.8% of the members of the IOC’s commissions, which advise the organization on specific issues, such as ethics, science and athletes
- More than half (53%) of the IOC’s administrative employees are female.
what is compulsory heterosexuality?
- First coined by Adrienne Rich (1980), the term compulsory heterosexuality refers to the idea that heterosexuality is constructed, institutionalized, and reinforced as not only a universal, but the only “normal” and “acceptable” form of sexuality.
- One idea behind compulsory heterosexuality is that heterosexuality is not a freely made choice for most people and for women in particular: Heterosexuality is not simply one option among many. Rather, it is a pervasive, powerful, and coercive social and political institution that depends on other powerful social institutions to maintain its dominance.
- From this perspective, heterosexuality is imposed upon people as natural and inevitable by peers, parents, schools, media, and other social institutions such as law and religion.
why is Caster Semenya important?
- Caster Semenya competing in Berlin in 2009.
- And Caster Semenya post-gender testing controversy in September, 2009
- won a lot of competitions, controversy around drug use, made her test
- found high levels of testosterone in blood, biological, forced to take testosterone suppressants or stop competing
what did the amnesty international report on december 4, 2020 say about women’s sports?
For decades, sport governing bodies have regulated women’s participation in sport through “sex testing:” practices that violate fundamental rights to privacy and dignity. Through their policies, sport governing bodies have created environments that coerce some women into invasive and unnecessary medical interventions as a condition to compete in certain events, and sports officials have engaged in vitriolic public criticism that has ruined careers and lives. Women from the Global South have been disproportionately affected. There have never been analogous regulations for men.
what are some issues of sport governing bodies and human rights?
- discrimination
- privacy and dignity
- surveillance
- coercion
- compromised medical ethics
- social stigma
- psychological impact
- loss of income
- lack of redress
what is gender-bland sexism?
- Gender-bland sexism is similar to gender-blind sexism in that both operate “in a political climate in which blatant sexism is supposedly rejected, yet sexist ideologies, policies, and practices continue”.
- Yet rather than being “blind” to gender differences, the salience of gender within the largely sex-segregated setting of sport encourages sports commentators and anchors to render women athletes visible in ways that makes women’s athletic accomplishments appear lackluster compared to men’s.
- This “bland” language normalizes a hierarchy between men’s and women’s sports while simultaneously avoiding charges of overt sexism; sexism in sport is now codified as an assessment of each individual athlete’s merit and talent.
- Consequently, gender-bland sexism reinforces gender boundaries and hierarchies, presenting a fictitious view of inherent male superiority in a way that is subtler and more difficult to detect than before.
