Sport science revision Flashcards
what is a skill
learned ability to bring about result you want with minimum effort
what are the classifications of skills
basic complexed open closed high organisation skill low organisation skill
whats the name of a ‘simple action’ skill and give an e.g
Basic skill- does not require much concentration e.g throwing and catching ball
whats the name of a ‘difficult’ skill and give an e.g
complexed- long time to learn due to high level of conc and coordination e.g pole vault
must learn ______ skills before mastering _______ skill
must learn basic skills before mastering complexed skills
what is an open skill
changing environment which players should adapt to changing situation
real game situation
close skills
not affected by environment and skill stays the same e.g trampoline routine. same every-time
what type of skill can be broken down into many phases and give an e.g
low organisation skill e.g breast stroke (practice legs separate to arms)
what type of skill cannot easily be broken down into many phases and give an e.g
high organisation skill e.g diving routine
what are the types of practices
massed
fixed
distributed
variable
what type of practice is practising skill continuously without stopping
massed
what is massed practice and what skill does it improve
practising skill continuously without stopping which improves basic skills
what type of practice is repeating the same movement in one situation over and over again
fixed
what is fixed practice and what skill does it improve
repeating the same movement in one situation over and over again
closed skills
what type of practice is practising with breaks to allow for rest
distributed
what is distributed practice and what skill does it improve
practising with breaks to allow for rest
complexed
what type of practice is repeating a technique in different situations
variable
what is variable practice and what skill does it improve
repeating a technique in different situations
open skills
what are the types of goals
short term (weeks/months) long term (years)
what increases as a goal is set
motivation
what type of target optimises performance
S-pecific M-easurable A-chievable R-ealistic T-ime bound
what is feedback
information about their performance
what are the types of feedbacks
extrinsic
intrinsic
concurrent
terminal
what type of feedback comes from an outside source and give an e.g
extrinsic e.g coach
what type of feedback comes from performer themselves
intrinsic
what type of feedback is given at the time of performance and give an e.g
concurrent e.g shouting from sideline
what type of feedback is given at the end of performance and give an e.g
terminal
what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic feedback
extrinsic = coach intrinsic = performer themselves
what is the difference between concurrent and terminal feedback
conCURRENT = during performance terminal = after performance
what is terminal feedback
feedback given after performance
sportsmanship
qualities of fairness, following the rules and showing sporting etiquette
gamesmanship
bending rules of sport without breaking them
deviance
behaviour that falls out the norm of acceptable. Goes against morals of sport
what are the types of deviance
positive and negative
whats an example of deviance in sport
sports enhancing drugs
what is match fixing and which type of deviance does this fall under
betting or bribing players to have a certain outcome. Negative deviance
what is the difference between neg and pos deviance
neg deviance is breaking rules on purpose
pos deviance is breaking rules by accident or without knowing
what is an example of positive deviance
overtraining
arousal
activation of alertness and focus
what is the inverted U theory
low arousal = low performance
medium arousal = high performance (OPTIMAL POINT OF AROUSAL)
high arousal = low performance
what is guidance
info given to learner to limit mistakes
what are the types of guidance
visual
verbal
manual
mechanical
qualitative
people opinions
quantitative
measured amounts
describe visual guidance and give + and -
demonstration/videos
+ all levels of performance
+ copy example
+ good for inexperienced performers
- must be good quality
- some skills could be too complexed to demonstrate
describe verbal guidance and give + and -
info given that they hear
+ use-full fro high level performers
+ useful for sharing basic info/instructions
- info overload
- boring
- noisy
- complexed thing are difficult to explain
describe manual guidance and give + and -
physically moving performer into correct position
+ good for beginners
+ develops correct feel
- performer may not think they are performing on their own
- movements might feel different when someones moving you
describe mechanical guidance and give + and -
using equipment to assist
+ good for dangerous skills
+ gain feel of movement
+ builds confidence
- expensive
- performer can reply on aid
what is mental rehearsal
forming a mental picture of skill/technique you are about to preform
what are benefits of mental rehearsal
increases concentration
increases confidence
reduces anxiety
multi sensory
what is a vital part of mental preparation and why
warm up to socialise, be physically prepared, gain confidence, calm discussion of targets, create goals
what are benefits of mental preparation
- help concentrate
- increase confidence
- develop existing skills
what’s the difference between massed and fixed practise
massed practise is continuous best for basic skills
fixed practise is repeating something over and over again best for closed skills as the environment is not affected
what is passive smoking
breathing in someone elses smoke
risk of smoking
asthma
heart attack
heart disease
lung cancer
what does regular activity level prevent us from
obesity coronary heart disease high bp type 2 diabetes osteoporosis
Consequences of sedentary lifestyle
diabetes
coronary heart disease
high blood pressure
what is overfat, overweight and obese
overweight = weighing more than normal e.g muslces or fat
over fat = body composition of too much fat
what is optimum weight
preform at the most efficient level
what is health
complete emotional, physical and social wellbeing
benefits of exercise: emotional
serotonin = feel good hormone stress relief endorphins boost self esteem and confidence enjoy movement aesthetic appreciation
regular participation of children and adults
adults 5 x 30 minutes a week
children 7 x 60 minutes a week
benefits of exercise: Physical
increase : CV fitness,
decrease: risk of CHD
decrease : stroke
bradycardia ( less than 60 bpm): low resting hr = left ventricle strengthen = more blood per contraction
decrease : type 2 diabetes
decrease: osteoporosis
increase: muscular endurance
What is Angina
chest pain caused when your arteries dont get enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart due to fatty substance build up
benefits of exercise: Social
increase social health cooperation friendship teamwork good attitude for competition (takes wining and loosing well)
why is goal setting important
monitor progress
identify if training is working
identify strength and weaknesses
Negative effects of exercise on wellbeing
overtraining effects : anorexia, poor immunity, fatigue, chronic injury, decrease performance
consequences of sedentary life style
overfat, obese, depression, osteoporosis, high bp, diabetes, coronary heat disease,
what does # of calories in depend on
age
gender
height
expenditure of energy
components of a balanced diet
Macros
minerals
vitamins
fibre
Vit A
eyes
hand eye co ordination
Vit B1
converted into energy
Vit C
prevent illnesses
immunity
Vit D
bone health
Potassium
hydration : regulates fluid
Iron
o2 carriage
calcium
Bone strength
1 calorie =
raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree
calories for adult male and female per day
male = 2,500 female = 2,000
% of Macros per day
cbh= 55% fat= 30% protein= 15%
fibre
aids with digestion
veg, nuts
micronutrients
nutrients required in small quantities like vit and minerals
what is the aim of carbohydrate loading
maximise cbh stores prior to endurance event.
The body normally limits the amount of cbh that can be stored, converting excess cbh into fat stores. CBH loading is a method of dietary manipulation to try and get around this to allow the performer to increase glycogen stores.
factors effecting optimum weight
sex, heigh, bone structure, muscle girth
in which sports is optimum weight important in
gymnastics
boxing
horse racing
steps of CBH load
- 2-4 days before event
- reduce exercise
- high cbh diet
what is the window of opportunity
protein should be consumed no longer than 30 minutes after exercise to optimise protein synthesis and therefor muscle growth.
what does dehydration cause
fatigue, dizziness, nausea, heat stroke
hydration for sport
when we sweat during physics activity we loose water and salt.
how to avoid dehydration when playing sport
electrolyte infused energy drinks
2 hours before
just before
during
after
litres of water a day
2-3
what is mental rehearsal
mentally practicing a skill before physically doing it
benefits of mental rehearsal
develop existing skills
increase focus on task
reduce anxiety
build confidence
what influences engagement patterns
gender age socio economic groups (ability to pay for things) ethnicity disability
impact of factors on participation: female
on average:
- female participation is lower in sport
- greater drop out rate (of sport) in female teenagers
- stereo type of tomboy
- media coverage
impact of factors on participation: age
on average:
- older age = less active
- teenagers with exam pressure or work pressure
impact of factors on participation: socio economical group
on average
- access to coaching/clubs/facilities
- disposable income
- ## fees/ transport fees
impact of factors on participation: ethnicity
- over and under representation in sport
- position = “stacking”
in football, white athletes tend to be goalkeepers where as non white footballers would be presented in wing positions because they’re seen and assumed to be more of a speed athlete.
-admin and coaching
impact of factors on participation: disability
- access to venues
- specialised equipment
- competition
commercialisation
using something (sport) to make profit
