Sport Pyschology Flashcards

Question

competitive trait anxiety

Answer 1

nervous response to all sporting situations

Answer 2

-Observation -Physiological testing -Questionnaires e.g. SCAT

Answer 3

ADV -quick -cheap -comparable data -efficient DIS -bias answers if done in groups -performers may get bored and rush through -may depend on performers mood/timing

Answer 4

ADV -true to life results DIS -performer may change behavior if they know they are being observed -time consuming

Answer 5

ADV -objection and comparison can be easily made DIS -can be expensive and add stress or restrict movement

Answer 6

Intent to harm outside the rules

Answer 7

Forceful behavior within the laws of the event

Answer 8

-Instinct theory -Frustration aggression hypothesis -Social learning theory -Aggression cue theory

Answer 9

when aggression is spontaneous and innate -suggests all performers are born with an aggressive instinct with enough provocation -humans are biologically determined to be aggressive

Answer 10

suggests frustration is inevitable when goals are blocked as performer becomes frustrated -frustration can also be reduced by an aggressive act (catharsis)

Answer 11

suggests aggression is copied from others especially if their behavior is reinforced -observe>identify>reinforce>copy -more likely to be copied if consistent/powerful

Answer 12

suggests that aggression is caused by a learned trigger -certain learned cues act as stimulus for performers to act aggressively

Answer 13

-bans/fines -stress management techniques -positive role models -code of conduct -substitutions -rewards -fair play awards

Answer 14

Drive to succeed

Answer 15

-intrinsic -extrinsic -tangible -intangible

Answer 16

drive to succeed from within e.g. desire to overcome a problem

Answer 17

drive to succeed from an outside source e.g. money

Answer 18

physical rewards e.g. prize money or medals

Answer 19

non-material form of motivation e.g. praise from a coach, crowd applause or beating a new pb

Answer 20

the drive/desire to succeed minus fear of failure -tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations

Answer 21

NACH = need to achieve (approach) NAF = need to avoid failure (avoid)

Answer 22

-want feedback -not afraid of failure -willing to take risks -accepts challenges

Answer 23

-afraid of failure -avoids risks -avoids challenges -dislikes failure

Answer 24

-allow success -positive feedback -reduce punishment -realistic goal setting -encourage risk taking

Answer 25

motivation is dependent on the type of goals set and how the performer measures success e.g. suggests process goals are more beneficial and confidence building

Answer 26

presence of the crowd benefits performance

Answer 27

presence of the crowd hinders performance

Answer 28

co-actors - those doing the same task but not in direct competition with e.g. teammates competitive co-actors - those in direct competition with

Answer 29

those who have an influence on the event e.g. referee

Answer 30

-suggest the presence of an audience & co-actors increases performance therefore a performer will develop a dominant response -if skills > simple/gross or performed by expert, the dominant response is likely to be correct = social facilitation -if skills > complex/fine or performed by novice, dominant response likely to be incorrect = social inhibition

Answer 31

perceived fear of being judged

Answer 32

-if audience is knowledgeable (e.g. scout) = more nervous -if significant others are watching = more nervous -performer naturally has high trait anxiety -performer has low confidence -audience is supportive/abusive

Answer 33

-familiarisation -stress management techniques (mental rehearsal, positive self talk) -practice skills till overlearned -suitable goals (SMARTER)

Answer 34

1. Forming (team develops relationships) 2. Storming (conflict occurs, and positions are determined) 3. Norming (norms established and co-operation occurs) 4. Performing (work together to achieve goals)

Answer 35

tendency for individuals to work together to achieve a goal.

Answer 36

task cohesion is the ability to work towards a shared goal -holds greater importance than social cohesion as teams can still work together to be successful with poor social cohesion -can be improved by coach giving feedback and setting specific responsibilities

Answer 37

social cohesion is the ability of a group to get on with each other -socialising out of sport -creates a degree of trust and support for each member

Answer 38

actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

Answer 39

the things that go wrong which reduce group outcomes and prevent group potential being reached 1. coordination problem e.g. tactics and communication 2. co-operational problems (social loafing and ringleman effect)

Answer 40

reduction in individual effort when performing in a group. -this could be due to loss of motivation or accountability

Answer 41

individual performance decreases as group size increase -this could could be due to coordination and motivational losses

Answer 42

-set clear goals (SMART) -assign roles and responsibilities -establish a group identity -team building activities

Answer 43

-set individual goals -assign roles and responsibilities -provide performance feedback

Answer 44

a goal based on improving technique e.g. high elbow in freestyle -controllable -builds confidence

Answer 45

a goal based on improving your own performance, without comparing yourself to others e.g. achieving a personal best in swimming

Answer 46

a goal based on achieving an end result, against the performance of others e.g. gold medal in Olympics

Answer 47

specific (clear and focused targets) measurable (can numerically track progress) achievable (challenging but realistic) realistic (within 'arms reach') time bound (working to a specific time scale) evaluative (able to review progress e.g. measure and remeasure) re-do (repeat goal setting)

Answer 48

perceived reason for a result -internal: within performers control -external: outside performers control

Answer 49

internal and stable - ability internal and unstable - effort external and stable - difficulty external and unstable - luck high achievers - attribute success > ability and effort attribute defeat > luck and difficulty low achievers - attribute success > luck and difficulty attribute defeat > ability and effort

Answer 50

use of attributions to protect self esteem e,g, using external/unstable reasons for losing - luck

Answer 51

performer feels failure is inevitable e.g. they feel they have no control over the result

Answer 52

-General learned helplessness = not good at any sport. - Specific learned helplessness = not good at certain aspects of a sport.

Answer 53

- Changing performer's perception of the causes of failure. - Focusing the reason for failure on internal, unstable and controllable factors. - Raises confidence. - Converts avoidance behaviour into approach behaviour. - Encourages mastery orientation.

Answer 54

general feel of confidence towards sporting activities

Answer 55

situation specific form of self-confidence

Answer 56

suggests self efficacy is influenced by 4 factors 1.Performance accomplishments (greater success leads to higher levels of self efficacy) 2.Vicarious experiences (working others of similar ability can affect self efficacy) 3.Verbal persuasion (praise from a MKO, can affect self efficacy) 4.Emotional arousal (optimal level of arousal needed for high levels of self efficacy)

Answer 57

-suggests that trait and state confidence combine to produce a level of confidence in an objective sporting situation. trait sport confidence - natural, innate confidence levels. eg they are a confident person in all sports state sport confidence - the level of confidence in a sporting situation is based past experiences competitive orientation - how driven the performer is and how willing they are to achieve.

Answer 58

-increased confidence from home teams - this can be due to familiar surroundings and supportive crowds -away team challenges - away team performers may face low confidence levels due to unfamiliar surroundings -pressure from spectators - home team performers may face greater pressure from home spectators which could cause an increase in anxiety

Answer 59

-set goals (SMARTER) -stress management techniques -controlling arousal, using techniques -positive feedback and praise -accurate demonstrations

Answer 60

-charismatic -experienced -confident -inspirational -empathy -good communication skills -organisational skills

Answer 61

Emergent - internally selected, already belongs to the group and is easily accepted Prescribed - selected from outside the group, an external appointment

Answer 62

-autocratic -democratic -laissez-faire

Answer 63

-leader makes all decisions -concerned about results -best for large groups or dangerous activities

Answer 64

-involves players in decision making -listens to players -group can work well without leader -best for experienced groups with good relationships

Answer 65

-leader leaves group to it -can cause less motivated players to stop working -best for teams with high levels of trust

Answer 66

1. Most favourable situation (autocratic) - strong, respected leader, high ability group, clear task, high levels of motivation, harmony between group and leader. 2. Moderately favourable situation (democratic) - moderate ability group, moderate motivation, some clarity of task, limited support, need for consultation. 3. Least favourable situation (autocratic) - hostilities within group, little respect for leader, low ability group, task is unclear, low motivation, weak leader.

Answer 67

Situational characteristics Leader characteristics Group characteristics Required behaviour Preferred behaviour Actual behaviour Performance

Answer 68

Mental rehearsal (going over movements of task in mind before action takes place). - Visualisation (using a mental image of performing a skill successfully in training). - Imagery (recreating a successful image of the action from the past, where the player can literally recall their feelings/emotions). - Thought stopping (performer uses a learned action/trigger to get rid of negative thoughts). - Positive self-talk (performer replaces negative thoughts with positive ones).

Answer 69

- Biofeedback (uses a measuring device to help athlete recognise the physical changes that will happen under stress). - Centring (deep breathing control to divert attention away from stressful situation). - Progressive muscle relaxation (performer alternates between a state of tension in muscles to a state of relaxation, helping to eliminate muscle tightness).