Sport Psychology

Question 1

What causes the threat? (i.e., choking)

Answer 1

Ego depletion and denied recognition

Question 2

How do sport psychologists define choking?

Answer 2

choking happens when you are firmly in command of your performance or the competition and you lose because of a change in your mental state

Question 3

Choking under pressure: The role of fear of negative evaluation

Answer 3

Purpose: to determine the degree to which FNE may predispose athletes to choking
Method: 138 ball players completed a set of questionnaires. 32 athletes were categorized as either low or high FNE, and they were asked to perform basketball shots from the five different areas of the courier under low and high pressure stages. Shooting performance was evaluated
Conclusion: FNE is an important psychological characteristic of the choking susceptible athlete.

Question 4

Anxiety, Attentional Control, and performance impairment in penalty kicks

Answer 4

Method: 14 male uni standard football players with competitive playing experience. They were attached to the Mobile Eye Gaze
Conclusion: experienced footballers looked at the goal keeper significantly earlier, and more often, and for longer periods when anxious, with these changes in attentional control negatively influencing resultant shot placement.

Question 5

What is the conceptual framework for the home advantage research?

Answer 5

game location, game location factors, critical psychological states, critical behaviour states, and performance outcome.

Question 6

What sport doesn’t get affected by the home advantage?

Answer 6

Alpine Skiing

Question 7

What did Courneya and Carron (1990) find for the Rules

Answer 7

No HA from batting last.

Question 8

What did Courneya and Carron (1992) find for Travel

Answer 8

Increased time zones cross, and decreased time between games increases the HA but only by 1%

Question 9

Agnew and Carron: Crowd…what did they find?

Answer 9

Crown density explained 1% of the variance in the HA

Question 10

What is the difference between crowd density and crowd size?

Answer 10

Crowd size is just like lots of people sparse in the stadium. Crowd density is a really dense crowd, no spaces/empty seats.

Question 11

Terry, Walrond and Carron (1998): Competitiors’ States

Answer 11

Decreased: tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and increased vigor and self confidence at home rather than away.

Question 12

Dennis and Carron (1998a): Coaches’ Strategies

Answer 12

Coaches reported they used more defensive fore-checking approach on the road than at home.

Question 13

Did you know?

Answer 13

Alert shirt from Foxtel. The shirt that lets football fans feel the hit.

Question 14

Self-presentation (also called impression management)

Answer 14

refers to the process by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them.

Question 15

Private Self -Presentation

Answer 15

Occurs entirely at the cognitive level (self is the audience)

Question 16

Public self presentation

Answer 16

is always overt behaviour (other people are the audience)

Question 17

Self presentation goals

Answer 17

1. maximize one’s reward-cost ration - social and material outcomes
2. self esteem enhancement and maintenance - compliments vs criticism
3. development of identity - create and maintain a particular identity

Question 18

Leary and Kowalski’s (1990) two component model

Answer 18

impression motivation - desire to create a particular impression
impression construction - the kind of impression management tactics that are used to make the desired impression.

Question 19

Self-presentaiton research in sport has focused on…?

Answer 19

social physique and anxiety and self-handicapping

Question 20

Explain self-handicapping (Jones and Berglas 1978)

Answer 20

a proactive attributional strategy that is sometimes used before performance to increase personal responsibility for success and decrease person responsibility for failure

Question 21

what kind of behaviour is associated with self handicapping?

Answer 21

altering the amount or quality of practice
creating or exaggerating physical problems such as illness or injury
focusing on real or imagined character flaws

Question 22

explain the study Jones and Berglas did in 1978

Answer 22

Undergraduate psychology students took two intelligence tests, and after they received feedback that they answered between 70-80% of the questions correctly. Half the group was given contingent feedback and the other non-contingent feedback. Following the feedback subjects were given the opportunity to ingest one of two (placebo)drugs. Activil which enhances your intellectual ability and pandocrin which inhibits your performance. Subjects in the non-contingent group self-handicapped by ingesting pandocrin. This way they could blame the drug rather than their lack of ability should they fail.

Question 23

Self-handicapping among competitive athletes (Rhowhalt, Salesman, Wittmer 1984)

Answer 23

members of a university swimming team were evaluated to see self-handicapping strategies. coaches were blind to this study. HSH didn’t increase their practice times or efforts vs LSH did.

Question 24

Social Physique Anxiety, Body Esteem and Social Anxiety in body builders and self reported anabolic steroid users

Answer 24

185 male participants completed measures on body dissatisfaction, upper body strength scale, SPA and fear of negative evaluation scale. Study suggests that steroid use may play a role in increasing positive feelings about upper body features decreasing feeling about SPA.

Question 25

Social Physique Anxiety and the type of sport (Haase and Prapavessis)

Answer 25

aerobic athletes, light weight rowers, non weight restricted athletes, and non athlete control. The results showed no significant difference between the four groups.

Question 26

Explain entity theory

Answer 26

strong belief that ability is either something you have or you don’t. When confidence is high, you will develop mastery, when confidence is low you will have a bigger tendency to lean towards self helplessness

Question 27

Explain Incremental Theory

Answer 27

the belief that ability is malleable. When you are striving for learning goals, confidence doesn’t have to be high or low, you’re always reaching for mastery.

Question 28

Attribution

Answer 28

the factor that a persons blames for the outcome of a situation.

Question 29

Abramson, Seligman and Teasdale (1978)

Answer 29

given questionnaires cognitive, motivational, and emotional. At the end of the study subjects classified with a maladaptive achievement pattern associated with LH had a different attributional style to explain failure performances than those with a non maladaptive achievement pattern.