Sport & Exercise Psychology Chap 4-6 Quiz questions Flashcards
Anxiety is associated with arousal.
TRUE: Anxiety is a negative emotional state (e.g., nervousness, worry, and apprehension) associated with arousal.
The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 measures
cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence
Anxiety and arousal affect performance by causing
Arousal and anxiety-related emotions affect performance by inducing changes in attention and concentration and by increasing muscle tension.
All successful athletes have the same optimal emotional range.
FALSE: All successful athletes have the same optimal emotional range.
The difference between competition and cooperation is that competition has a reward structure.
TRUE: Competition and cooperation both have reward structures. The difference is that competition’s reward structure fosters the notion that the success of one participant or team automatically causes the failure of others, whereas cooperation’s reward structure is characterized by the mutual involvement of more than one participant, and rewards are shared equally.
According to Martens’ definition, which of the following is an example of an objective competitive situation?
a. Mark goes out alone on a 3-mile run and sets a goal to run the distance in 25 minutes, which is 2 minutes shorter than his personal best.
b. Erica plays a round of golf by herself and keeps track of her score.
c. Sam and Joe are casually shooting hoops. Without telling Joe, Sam sets a private goal to try to make five baskets in a row from the 3-point line.
d. Mindy sets a goal to run a mile in under 8 minutes, and she asks her friend Anna to run with her and keep track of the time.
d. Mindy sets a goal to run a mile in under 8 minutes, and she asks her friend Anna to run with her and keep track of the time.
An objective competitive situation requires at least one other person who is aware of the criterion for evaluation and can evaluate Mindy’s performance.
In Deutsch’s study, students in the cooperative group were able to solve the most puzzles.
TRUE: Deutsch’s study showed that students in the cooperative group solved more puzzles than those in the competitive group.
Kelley and Stahelski’s study showed that when competitive and cooperative players were paired together, the competitive-oriented players were able to draw their cooperative partners into competition.
TRUE: The competitive players forced their partners into competition, and the cooperative players’ efforts to cooperate went unnoticed by the competitive players.
The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 measures:
cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence
Soccer can be classified into what category?
a. Competitive means—competitive ends
b. Cooperative means—cooperative ends
c. Cooperative means—competitive ends
d. Cooperative means—individual ends
c. Cooperative means—competitive ends
Because soccer participants cooperate as a group but compete outside the group, soccer belongs in the cooperative means—competitive ends category.
For beginners, behavior reinforced continuously rather than intermittently will persist longer in the absence of further reinforcements.
FALSE: Behavior that is reinforced intermittently will persist longer in the absence of further reinforcements. People who receive continuous reinforcement after they have mastered a skill will eventually tune out the reinforcement.
Which of the following is an example of shaping?
a. A basketball coach demonstrates a skill and makes an athlete practice it over and over again until he succeeds.
b. A coach rewards a gymnast for every skill she performs correctly and punishes her for every element she performs poorly.
c. A soccer coach tells a player all the skills he needs to perform to complete a play, and the coach rewards the player when he performs all the elements correctly.
d. A volleyball coach rewards a novice player for each component of an overhand serve she performs correctly.
d. A volleyball coach rewards a novice player for each component of an overhand serve she performs correctly.
Shaping is a useful motivating technique when someone is learning a new skill. It involves rewarding close approximations of a desired behavior.
When implementing a behavior modification program, you should identify only a couple of behaviors to work on.
TRUE: Trying to target more than a couple of behaviors will likely overwhelm participants.
According to Martens’ definition, which of the following is an example of an objective competitive situation?
a. Mark goes out alone on a 3-mile run and sets a goal to run the distance in 25 minutes, which is 2 minutes shorter than his personal best.
b. Erica plays a round of golf by herself and keeps track of her score.
c. Sam and Joe are casually shooting hoops. Without telling Joe, Sam sets a private goal to try to make five baskets in a row from the 3-point line.
d. Mindy sets a goal to run a mile in under 8 minutes, and she asks her friend Anna to run with her and keep track of the time.
d. Mindy sets a goal to run a mile in under 8 minutes, and she asks her friend Anna to run with her and keep track of the time.
An objective competitive situation requires at least one other person who is aware of the criterion for evaluation and can evaluate Mindy’s performance.
An exerciser who stays in shape to impress the opposite sex is practicing what type of regulation?
a. integrated
b. identified
c. introjected
d. external
c. introjected
Introjected regulation means that a person is motivated by internal prods and pressures, but the behavior is not self-determined because it is regulated by external contingencies, such as trying to impress others
