Sport and society Flashcards
What are the 3 phases in British society from pre 1780-1900?
Pre industrial society (pre 1780)
Industrialisation (1780-1900)
Post industrial (1790-1900)
Define industrialisation
The process in the 18th and 19th century when Britain moved from being a predominantly agricultural country to one where the economy was dominated by manufacturing.
What was the feudal system in pre-industrial Britain?
Classes were split in two - lower and upper
During pre-industrial Britain when did recreations take place?
Occasionally, mostly on religious holidays and festivals
What are the characteristics of popular recreation?
- Being occasional due to little free time
- Having only a few simple unwritten rules
- The activity being participation-based rather than spectator-based
- Physical force rather than skill
- Many injuries/violent
- Lower-class involvement
- Local rather than regional or national events as they had limited transport/communications
- Limited structure, equipment and facilities
What are the characteristics of mob football?
- Violent
- Male dominated
- Damage to property
- Mass participation
- Alcohol consumption/gambling
- Played occasionally due to long working hours
- Lower class were illiterate, therefore no rules of regulations
What are the characteristics of real tennis?
- Upper class males
- Complex rules
- Indoor courts with specialised equipment
- High moral code
- Regular basis as the upper class had plenty of leisure time
- Skilful which showed the upper class to show their superiority over the lower class
(Does not reflect true popular recreation)
How did society change during the first half of the industrial revolution (1800-1850)?
- Poor health
- Lack of income
- Lack of (leisure) time
- A lack of public provision (facilities)
- Overcrowding (lack of space)
- Loss of rights
How did poor health have a negative effect on sport?
Poor working and living conditions that led to pollution – little energy left for sport.
How did lack of income have a negative effect on sport?
Low wages and poverty were evident.
How did lack of time have a negative effect on sport?
The shift from ‘seasonal’ to ‘machine’ work time lead to long 12 hour days, 6 days a week, and Sunday was a religious ‘Day of rest’.
How did lack of public provision have a negative effect on sport?
No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for lower classes.
How did overcrowding have a negative effect on sport?
Looking for work in the new factories, led to a loss of space to play traditional mob games, it was overcrowded.
How did loss of rights have a negative effect on sport?
Restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal laws.
How did society change in the second half of the industrial revolution (1850-1900)?
- Health and hygiene improved
- Increase in wages and leisure time
- Development of the new middle class
- The influence of public school boys
- The value of athleticism spread to the lower class
- Industrial patronage
- Improvements in transport and communications
- Cheaper to travel
How did health and hygiene improving have a positive effect on sport?
Living conditions improved and the local council mace public baths to improve cleanliness and help stop the spread of disease.
How did increase in wages and leisure time have a positive effect on sport?
The Factory acts (10 hours max a day)and Saturday half days meant more time for leisure activities.
How did the development of the middle class have a positive effect on sport?
Self-made men who took advantage of the business opportunities available in the newly industrialised Britain. This changed ways of behaving and playing sport. It became more acceptable, respectable and was played to a high moral code; it developed strict rules, leagues and competitions etc.
How did the influence of ex-public school boys have a positive effect on sport?
Via industry and the church etc.
How did the value of athleticism spread to the lower class have a positive effect on sport?
(i.e. physical endeavour with moral integrity – always trying hard and working to the best of your ability).
How did the industrial patronage have a positive effect on sport?
Kind factory owners becoming ‘patrons of sport’. Factory teams were also set up, sporting facilities were provided etc.
How did improvements in transport and communications have a positive effect on sport?
Via the development of roads and steam trains – this allowed players and spectators to travel to play/watch matches. Fixtures and results were also published in newspapers.
How did travelling becoming cheaper have a positive effect on sport?
Spectating sport became more accessible.
What were the developments that led to sport becoming rationalised?
- Urbanisation
- The transport revolution
- Improved communications
- The influence of the church
- The emergence of the middle class
- The British Empire
- Public Provision
- The development of NGBs
How did urbanisation lead to sport becoming rationalised?
Large numbers of people moving from rural to urban areas seeking regular work resulted in:
- Lack of space
- Large working-class populations
- Loss of traditional sports
- Change in working conditions
How did the transport revolution lead to sport becoming rationalised?
The development of steam trains and railways increased:
- Movement of teams and spectators
- Improved access to different parts of the country (local – regional fixtures)
- Cheaper train travel
How did improved communications lead to sport becoming rationalised?
Education was given to the working class in the second half of the 1800s, which led to:
- Society becoming literate
- Printed media increased the knowledge of sport (printed fixtures and results)
- Emergence of sporting heroes and role models as people could reads the match reports.
How did the influence of the church lead to sport becoming rationalised?
Changing views of the Church also helped to promote sport and recreation among local communities:
- Encouraged social control (improved behaviour – diverting people to sport rather than alcohol and gambling)
- Church facilities provided halls to play in
- Promoting Christian values (healthy mind/body)
- Good way to improve Church attendance
- The Church organised teams, set up clubs and organised competitions
How did the emergence of the middle class lead to sport becoming rationalised?
The middle class supported developments such as:
Codification – strict rules, public school boys, NGBs etc
Competitions – development of leagues
Public provision
Increased leisure time – middle class factory owners gradually gave workers more leisure time.
Move to ‘professionalism’ – acting as agents, promoters in athletics, setting up factory teams and paying broken time payments.
How did the British Empire lead to sport becoming rationalised?
English public schools played an important role in the export of the ‘games ethic’ around the globe. They spread the word of ‘sport’ around the globe, as when they left school or university, they became:
- Teachers
- Industrial / factory owners
- Clergy (in the Church)
- Officers in the British Army
- Diplomats
- They formed NGBs which codified sports and established leagues.
How did public provision lead to sport becoming rationalised?
- Public wash baths were built to ensure people kept clean, therefore reducing chance of spreading disease.
- Plunge baths were developed for swimming / recreational use.
- Improved the status of the town.
- Local authorities applied for grants to provide public washing rooms.
- Healthier workers meant improved productivity of the workforce
How did the development of National Governing Bodies lead to sport becoming rationalised?
During the mid to late 1800s, lots of NGBs began to develop in England (e.g. FA – 1863) for the following reasons:
- Sport became increasingly popular
- More teams and clubs were forming
- Leagues and competitions were required
- Nationally agreed rules were required so competitions could take place nationally
- Maintenance of the ‘amateur ideal’
What are the 6 Rs in rational recreation?
- Rules
- Roles
- Referees
- Regional
- Regular
- Respectable
What led to the formation of NGBs?
- Maintenance of control of sport among upper/middle class
- More leagues required
- More fixtures required
- Single set of rules required to play fairly
- Maintain ‘amateur ideal’
- Rules/codification required
- Threats of professionalism/commercialism
- Different public schools played different versions (problems when boys moved on)
- Sport becoming increasingly more popular
- More clubs forming
What are the characteristics of rational recreation?
- Respectability
- Regionally, Nationally, regularly played
- Stringent admin and codification (Rules)
- Referees / officials
- Purpose built facilities
- Skills / tactics based
- Gambling controlled
- Impact of religion
- Amateur/professionalism
When NGBs were first formed what were the characteristics of amateurs?
- Were the ‘gentlemen amateurs’
- Upper class
- Lots of free time & money
- Morally upstanding
- Played sported for love of it
- How you played more important than winning
- Top performers
- Controllers of sport.
When NGBs were first formed what were the characteristics of professionals?
- Paid to train
- Time off work (Broken time payments)
- Working class people
- Sports such as boxing & Rugby
What are the characteristics of amateurs now?
- Play for the love of sport
- Have to work to live
- Train in own time
- Amateur level competition
- Lower status.
What are the characteristics of professionals now?
Paid to train
- Paid to play
- Full time job
- Highly competitive leagues and competitions
- Celebrity status, more media coverage
- High status
- Positive role models
- Anyone can become a professional (open to all classes)
How did amateurs have a positive impact on 19th century sport?
- Elite sport was run by and dominated by upper and middle classes.
- Code of Amateurism was based on playing sport to clearly set rules.
- Adhered to Code of Ethics (fair play etc)
- Participation in sport was seen more important than winning.
- The all-rounder was viewed with high regard in society.
- Amateurs were the ‘elite performers’ of the 19th Century.
How did professionals have a positive impact on 19th century sport?
- They were paid to play sport, therefore earning more money to live.
- Paid according to their results, which improved standards.
- They became determined to succeed (for more money).
How did amateurs have a positive impact on 20th century sport?
- Codes of amateurism are still evident in British sport.
- It is still viewed positively and promoted throughout sport (fair play schemes, shaking hands etc).
How did professionals have a positive impact on 20th century sport?
- All classes can compete, as social class is no longer a barrier.
- People are now respected for their talents and efforts in reaching the top.
- Professionals now have more time to train, leading to higher standards of performance.
- Positive role models act as motivators for others to achieve and participate.
- Money is invested into sport which enables events and the sports themselves to operate.
- More spectators attend matches, with easier more affordable travel.
Who invented lawn tennis?
The middle class, they inspired to be like the upper classes in society
Could women play lawn tennis? Why?
Women were able to participate in the 1880s, helping to overcome and suppress the negative stereotyping.
Lawn tennis, in private gardens, aided the development for women. They had to dress in a modest and reserved way, with their bodies fully covered by high necked, long sleeved dresses.
Lawn tennis was seen as not being too vigorous, therefore women wouldn’t sweat
What are the key features of lawn tennis?
- Middle class invention
- Played by the middle class
- Organised by the middle class
- Use of specialist equipment
- Use of standardised rules
- Played by males and females
- Public provision
What is shamateurism?
Amateurs taking illegal payments
What led to the ‘open era’ in tennis?
People soon realised they could earn a significant amount of money from their tennis skills. Professional tours and tournaments were established as early as the 1920s.
The rest of tennis remained strictly amateur, with professionals being excluded from participation.
It was not until 1968 that commercial pressures and rumours of amateurs taking illegal payments (shamateurism), led to the abandonment of the distinction between amateur and professionals.
This led to an ‘open era’ where professionals could play against amateurs and earn money.
The open era witnessed distinct inequalities in the amount of prize money for men and women, what were the payments for men and women in 1968 at Wimbledon?
Men - £2000
Women - £750
When did Wimbledon money become equal for men and women?
2007
What is an example of an association that helps provide women with opportunities in tennis?
WTA - Women’s tennis Association
What does the WTA do?
Provides ground breaking opportunities, through prize money and sponsorship.
Fighting for equalities in prize money in tennis.
Provides positive role models.
What are the reasons for the growth and development of Association Football?
- Urbanisation
- More free time / increased leisure time
- More disposable income
- Improved transport
- Increased professionalism
- Social class links
- Increased organisation
What happened in 1901 regarding the key stages in footballers’ wages?
£4 a week limit was introduced
What happened in 1922 regarding the key stages in footballers’ wages?
Wage cap increased to £8 a week
What happened in 1947 regarding the key stages in footballers’ wages?
Jimmy Guthrie becomes the Players Union Chairman and achieves a maximum wage of £12 per week
What happened in 1961 regarding the key stages in footballers’ wages?
PFA chairman Jimmy Hill won the abolition of the maximum wage - Johnny Haynes becoming the first £100 a week footballer
What happened in 1994 regarding the key stages in footballers’ wages?
Chris Sutton became the first £10,000 a week footballer (Blackburn Rovers)
What happened in 1995 regarding the key stages in footballers’ wages?
The ‘Bosman Ruling’ allowed out of contract players free transfers and therefore the potential to negotiate far higher wages with their new club
What happened in 2000 regarding the key stages in footballers’ wages?
Roy Keane became the first £50,000 a week footballer (Manchester United)
What happened in 2001 regarding the key stages in footballers’ wages?
Sol Campbell became the first £100,000 a week player following his Bosman ‘free transfer’ from THS to Arsenal
