Sport And Environmental Sustainability Flashcards
Key details about the economic value of sport? (Gross Value, community participation)
- World-wide sport-related economic activity generated £23,894m Gross Value added in 2017/18
- Of which 58% was related to community participation
Environmental sustainability (ES)? (Roots, Modern, advancement)
- Environmentalism has a long and complex history with many roots
- More modern environmentalism and activism grew out of concerns for habitat preservation threatened by humans in the 20th century
- Continued to advance into the political mainstream of society
Definition of Environmentalism? (Pepper, 1999)
- Environmentalism is based on the notion that humankind ought to work harmoniously with nature (Pepper, 1999)
Definition of sustainable development? (World commission on environment and development, 1987)
- “Meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
What is sport ecology? (McCullough et al., 2020)
- “The study of sport, the natural environment, and the bidirectional relationship between the two”(McCullough et al., 2020)
What are the key points in relation to the UN sport for climate action framework?
- Launched at Climate change conference, Paris 2018
- Many sports and sporting events have an impact on the environment
- Intention to to get as many sports bodies, major and minor players to sign up to the framework
Key considerations for UN sport for climate action framework? (Mazurkiewicz, 2005) (Waste, Maximise, Eliminate)
- Minimise waste and emissions
- Maximise efficiency and productivity of resources
- Eliminate practices that adversely affect enjoyment of resources by future generations
Key points about Safeguarding air quality? (Air pollution deaths, GG, FF, Carbon Neutral)
- Air pollution accounts for 4.2 million deaths per year (World Health Organisation, 2018)
- Greenhouse gases trap heat
- Burning of fossil fuels increase greenhouse gases
- UK government commitment to be carbon-neutral by 2050
Sport and safeguarding air quality in relation to Spectators? (3 points)
- Travel to sporting events is a significant source of air pollution
- Spectator travel is the biggest factor
- Majority of spectators use their own personal vehicles
What was the travel to sporting contests study, run by (Chard and Mallen, 2012)?
- Surveyed the car travel behaviours of small group of ice hockey parents during away games
- Objectives: describe the carbon footprint, generate ideas to reduce carbon impacts
- (n=32, type of car and what “away” games they attended)
Results of (Chard and Mallen, 2012) travel to sporting contests study?
- Sports parents travelled a total 78,000km
- ## Emitted 20 tonnes of CO2 (only away games)
Gaps in the literature from the (Chard and Mallen, 2012) study? (4 points)
- Majority of research has focused on large sporting events
- The role of individuals, at the community sport level, and their contribution to the global carbon footprint has been neglected
- Small sample size
- Measure a greater number of games/travel
Key points about Air Pollution and Health Risks in relation to sporting events?
- Spectator activity has been linked to increased air pollution at the events
- Air pollution reached unhealthy levels when vehicles were exiting after the game.
- More sustainable and integrated transport strategies needed
Information on the Air Travel Premier League study done by (BBC, 2023) ?
- A study of 100 games between 19th January and 19th March
- The study also includes ‘positioning’ flights, where near-empty planes are flown to convenient airports
- 81 individual flights by prem clubs
- Shortest flight was 27 mins, longest was 77 minutes
- Average was 42 minutes
Challenges with implementing facility design and usage?
- Implementing sports facility specific green policies are challenging
- Very few stadiums and owners have made green stadiums a priority
Key information on Sport and Safeguarding Water?
- Access to water is a fundamental human right (Gupta et al., 2013)
- Only 2.5% of water on earth is freshwater and only 0.3% of that is accessible
What is the New paradigm of the ‘hydrologic cycle’? (Vogel et al., 2015)
That the cycle is uniquely coupled with human activity as “human activity is inseparable from the natural (water) system
Examples of human distributions to water? (Vogel et al., 2015)
- Construction of dams
- Water pollution
- Extraction
- Climate change
Key fact on water resources and pollution? (Remember reference?)
- by 2050 there will be more pieces of plastic in the world’s oceans than fish (World Economic Forum, 2016)
Key facts about the Copenhagen 2010 triathlon case study? (3 points)
- Heavy rainfall let to sewage overflow
- 42% attack rate of disease among 838 swimmers in 2010 compared to 2011s 8% attack rate
- Illness examples: Diarrhoea, vomiting
Sport and water issues? (Dingle and Mallon, 2020) (R and R, Cultural, Predictions)
- How sport is reducing and recycling plastics in the water system
- Cultural perspective of water management
- Predictions concerning water resources and the future of sport
The issue with complexity?
- Legacy and sustainability are complex issues
- Opposing interests
- Short-term vs Long-term
- Lack of conclusive information to build arguments
Key categories to focus on for research? (Trendafilova and McCullough, 2018) (3 points)
- Spectator engagement
- Facilities management
- Marketing/communication
Future recommendations for sport and sustainability? (Trendafilova and McCullough, 2018) (fan engagement, Expand the scope)
- Increase focus on underrepresented areas such as fan engagement
- Expand the scope of sustainability research to include related fields such as sport tourism, recreation, and leisure
Mega events opportunities? (Ellison and Mcullough, 2018)
- Examples such as the Olympics and the World Cup can influence fan behaviour and raise environmental awareness
- They encourage environmental planning
Mega events challenges? (Kellison and McCullough, 2018)
- Environmental impacts include resource consumption, waste and carbon emissions
- Organisers often face criticism for unfulfilled sustainability promises or “greenwashing”
3 phases of sustainability integration? (Kellison and McCullough, 2018)
- Preparation phase: Focus on infrastructure, operational planning
- Operational phase: Competitions, cultural events and waste management
- Legacy phase: Long-term transformation and sustainability goals
An example of a case study not sticking to their promises?
- 2016 Rio Olympics: Promises of sustainability were largely unmet, reflecting systematic challenges in emerging economies
Barriers to sustainability? (2 points)
- Greenwashing: Exaggerated claims by event organisers undermine credibility
- Reprioritisation: Environmental goals often take a backseat to financial or logistical pressures
Key points about Sport as a neutral platform? (Casper, McCullough and Smith, 2021) (College sports, Sponsored sustainability)
- College sports provide an effective platform for delivering sustainability messages and influencing behaviour
- Sponsored sustainability initiatives can successfully reach and engage diverse audiences regardless of political affiliation
Authors for this section (11 needed)
(Pepper, 1999) - Definition of environmentalism
(World commission on environment and development, 1987) - Definition of sustainable development
(McCullough et al., 2020) - What is sport ecology
(Mazurkiewicz, 2005) - Key considerations for UN sport for climate action framework
(Chard and Mallen, 2012) - Travel to sporting contests study
(BBC, 2023) - Air travel premier league study
(Vogel at al., 2015) - New paradigm of the ‘hydrologic cycle’, human distributions to water
(Dingle and Mallen, 2020) - Sport and water issues
(Trendafilova and McCullough, 2018) - what to focus on for research, future recommendations
(Ellison and McCullough, 2018) - Mega events opportunities
(Kellison and McCullough, 2018) - Mega events challenges, 3 phases of sustainability integration
