Spoken Language Features Flashcards

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1
Q

Accent

A

The ways in which words are pronounced

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2
Q

Adjacency Pairs

A

Parallel expressions used across the boundaries of individual speaking terms.

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3
Q

Give an example of an adjacency pair

A

‘How are you?’ ‘Fine thanks’

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4
Q

Back-Channel

A

Words, phrases and non verbal utterances used by a listener to give feedback to the speaker that the message is being followed and understood.

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5
Q

Contraction

A

A reduced form often marked by an apostrophe in writing

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6
Q

Give an example of contraction

A

Can’t = cannot

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7
Q

Deixis

A

Words which refer backwards or forwards or outside a text - a verbal pointing. Context dependent!

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8
Q

Give an example of deixis

A

‘this’ ‘that’ ‘here’

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9
Q

Dialect

A

The distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a regional or social use of language.

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10
Q

Discourse Marker

A

Words and phrases which are used to signal the relationship and connections between utterances and to sign post that what is said can be followed by a listener or reader.

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11
Q

Give an example of a discourse marker

A

‘first’ on the other hand’ ‘so anyway’

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12
Q

Elision

A

The omission or slurring of one or more sounds or syllables

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13
Q

Give an example of elision

A

Gonna = going to

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14
Q

Ellipsis

A

The omission of a part of a grammatical structure.

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15
Q

Give an example of ellipsis

A

‘You going to the party?’ ‘Might be’

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16
Q

False start

A

This is when the speaker begins an utterance, then stops and either repeats or reformulates it.

17
Q

Filler

A

Items which do not carry conventional meaning but which are inserted in speech to allow time to think, to create a pause or to hold a turn in conversation.

18
Q

Hedge

A

Words and phrases which soften or weaken the force of which something is said.

19
Q

Give an example of hedge

A

‘perhaps’ ‘maybe’ ‘I think’

20
Q

Idiolect

A

An individually distinctive style of speaking.

21
Q

International Talk

A

Language in conversation used for interpersonal reasons and/or socialising.

22
Q

Non-Fluency Features

A

Characteristics of spoken language that interrupt the flow of talk.

23
Q

Give an example of a non-fluency feature

A

Hesitations, false starts, fillers, repetitions, overlaps and interruptions

24
Q

Paralinguistic features

A

Body language - the use of gestures, facial expressions and other non-verbal elements, to add meaning to the speakers message beyond the words spoken.

25
Q

Phatic talk

A

Conversational utterances that have no concrete purpose other than to establish or maintain personal relationships.

26
Q

Pragmatics - subtext

A

An approach to discourse analysis which focuses less on structures and more on contexts and purposes of people talking to each other.

27
Q

Prosodic features

A

Includes features such as stress, rhythm, pitch, tempo and intonation - which are used by speakers to mark out key meanings in the message. HOW SOMETHING IS SAID.

28
Q

Repairs

A

An alteration that is suggested or made by a speaker, the addressee, or audience in order to correct or clarify a previous conversational contribution.

29
Q

Sociolect

A

A social dialect or variety of speech used by a particular group, such as upper class or working class speech.

30
Q

Tag question

A

Strings of words normally added to a declarative sentence to turn the statement into a question.

31
Q

Give an example of a tag question

A

“It’s a bit expensive round here, isn’t it?”

32
Q

Transactional talk

A

Language to get things done or to transmit content or information [used when the participants are exchanging goods and/or services]

33
Q

Turn taking

A

A turn is a time during which a single participant speaks, within a typical, orderly arrangement in which participants speak with minimal overlap and gap between them.

34
Q

Utterance

A

Complete unit of talk, bounded by the speakers silence.

35
Q

Vague language

A

Statements that sound imprecise and unassertive.

36
Q

Give an example of vague language

A

‘and so on’, ‘or whatever’, ‘thingummy’, ‘whatsit’