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English Language A Level > Spoken Language > Flashcards

Spoken Language Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What are things that could affect your style of speaking?

A

Emotions, Where you are from, Family, Your education, Hobbies, Gender, Religious or Political ideology

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2
Q

What is a Discourse Community?

A

A group of people who share basic values and assumptions, and use language to communicate them

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3
Q

What are the FOUR conversational genres?

A

Transactional, Interactional, Phatic, Expressive.

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4
Q

What is the Transactional conversation genre?

A

Language used to get things done. Money is also sometimes exchanged.

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5
Q

What is the Interactional conversation genre?

A

Language used to build and maintain relationships.

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6
Q

What is the Phatic conversation genre?

A

Small talk.

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7
Q

What is the Expressive conversation genre?

A

Language used to express emotions.

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8
Q

Can conversations switch between genres?

A

Yes!!

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9
Q

What is a Filler?

A

Words that fill spaces for additional time to think.

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10
Q

What is a Pause?

A

Silence between utterances or words, is usually done either on purpose or subconsciously

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11
Q

What is an Utterance?

A

A complete unit of talk.

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12
Q

What is a (.) ?

A

A short pause.

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13
Q

What is a (3) ?

A

A longer pause, the length of the pause is marked in seconds between the brackets.

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14
Q

What is = ?

A

Latched talk, when people speak directly after one another.

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15
Q

What is _ ?

A

Overlapping speech.

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16
Q

What are Non Fluency Features?

A

Typical and normal characteristics of spoken language that interrupt the flow of talk.

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17
Q

What are False Starts?

A

Where the speaker begins an utterance, then corrects themselves and they rephrase.

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18
Q

What are Repairs?

A

When a speaker recognises an error and repeats what they said with some sort of correction.

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19
Q

What is Repetition?

A

When someone repeats identical words and structures, usually showing they don’t know what to say.

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20
Q

What is Vague Language?

A

These are statements that are unassertive or sound imprecise. This could show that they are unsure.

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21
Q

What is Back Channelling?

A

Backchannels are utterances such as “mhm,” “uh-huh,” “wow,” “yeah,” and “really,” This display shows that they are listening to the speaker but do not wish to take their turn.

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22
Q

What are Paralinguistic Features?

A

The non-verbal elements that accompany speech and convey meaning.

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23
Q

What is the structure of words called?

A

Morphology

24
Q

What is the structure of Sentences?

A

Syntax

25
Q

What is the Discourse?

A

The whole text, including the overall structure.

26
Q

What is Pragmatics?

A

Pragmatics focuses on conversational implicature, which is a process in which the speaker implies and a listener infers.

27
Q

Why would people use Pragmatics?

A

Might be too hurtful to say the actual meaning, Professional situations, To mock someone, To hint something, An emotional situation.

28
Q

What are Proper Nouns?

A

Names of specific people, places and brands.

29
Q

What are Concrete Nouns?

A

Things you can physically see or touch, EG. a rock.

30
Q

What are Abstract Nouns?

A

Things such as: Concepts (Truth), States (Motherhood), Qualities (Honesty), and Emotions (Sadness)

31
Q

What are Collective Nouns?

A

Groups of people, animals, or things. EG. Government and Audience.

32
Q

What are Count Nouns?

A

Nouns that can be counted by adding plural suffixes, EG. Bricks. “One brick, two bricks.”

33
Q

What are Mass Nouns?

A

Nouns that cannot be counted, as they do not have a plural version. “information” not “informations”

34
Q

Can nouns be both Count AND Mass?

A

Yes! It depends on the context, EG. “War”

35
Q

Where does a Pre-Modifier go?

A

Before the Noun, EG. “DANGEROUS animal”

36
Q

Where does a Post-Modifier go?

A

After the Noun, EG. “Examination IN PROGRESS”

37
Q

What is an Attributive Adjective?

A

An adjective that is PRE-MODIFYING.

38
Q

What is a Predictive Adjective?

A

An adjective that is POST-MODIFYING.

39
Q

How are Adjectives graded?

A

COMPARATIVE then SUPERLATIVE.

40
Q

How do you form a Comparative Adjective?

A

Adding -ER.

41
Q

How do you form a Superlative Adjective?

A

Adding -EST

42
Q

What is the Cooperative Principle?

A

The idea that the success of a conversation depends upon the various speaker’s approach to the interaction. AKA how they try to make a conversation work.

43
Q

What are Grice’s Maxims?

A

Grice proposed that if the speaker and hearer follow those principles they will have a successful communication. These were called his “Maxims of Conversation” These are Quality, Quantity, Manner and Relevance.

44
Q

What is the Maxim of Quality?

A

The principle of being “true” and “honest”

45
Q

What is the Maxim of Quantity?

A

The principle of being brief / not too brief.

46
Q

What is the Maxim of Manner?

A

The principle of being “clear” and “unambiguous”

47
Q

What is the Maxim of Relevance?

A

The principle of keeping things on topic.

48
Q

What is Howard Giles’ Communication Accommodation Theory?

A

The process by which participants in a conversation adjust their accent, diction, or other aspects of language according to the speech style of the other participant.

49
Q

What does it mean to “Flout” Grice’s Maxims?

A

To not adhere to them, common with Children and Autistic people.

50
Q

Why are Grice’s Maxims flouted on purpose?

A

Quality = Irony
Quantity = Not answering in full, being annoying
Manner = Jargon to be intimidating
Relevance = Pretending to mishear to change coversation

51
Q

What is Convergence?

A

Making themselves sound similar to the p

52
Q

What is Divergence?

A

Making themselves sound different to the person they are speaking to, to highlight social differences

53
Q

What is Overt Prestige?

A

When speakers have command of a standard dialect or an accent that is socially defined to have social status within a wider community. USE IT TO SHOW POWER

54
Q

What Covert Prestige?

A

When speakers have command of a dialect in an effort to ‘belong’, making them be part of a specific community. USE IT TO SHOW BELONGING

55
Q

What is Pragmatics?

A

The study of the part of language that plays out in social situations

56
Q

What is Prosody?

A

How you say things

57
Q
A

English Language A Level (7 decks)

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