spirituality and diversity

Question 1

ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses

Answer 1

The nurse in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity,worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems.

Question 2

what is spirituality

Answer 2

complex concept that is unique to each individual and is dependent upon a person’s culture, development, life, experience, beliefs, and ideas about life.

Question 3

spirituality

Answer 3

connectedness, transcendence and self transcendence, faith and hope, inner strength and peace, meaning and purpose in life, person

Question 4

spiritual wellness

Answer 4

awareness of one’s inner self, connection to a higher being or nature, values, highly individualized

Question 5

spirituality wellness attributes

Answer 5

harmony, purpose, forgiveness,loving, self acceptance, playing, clear values, positive outlook, peace and joy, worship, balance, growth

Question 6

what is spiritual wellness

Answer 6

positive effect on health, enhanced quality of life, accept hardship and even mortality

Question 7

spirituality
2 examples

Answer 7

•religious
•non-religious

Question 8

spirituality and religion

Answer 8

spirituality is found in all human cultures
expressed differently in religious faiths

Question 9

spirituality and health positivite outcomes

Answer 9

•reduces stress
•improved health outcomes with chronic conditions
•prayer decrease pain
•comfort for the dying
•comfort for the bereaving
•enhances recovery from illness and surgery

Question 10

what does spirituality and health do

Answer 10

• decrease anxiety,depression, anger, discomfort, and feelings of isolation.
• decrease alcohol and drug abuse
• decrease blood pressure and risk of heart disease
• increase ability to cope
• increase feeling of hope, optimism, freedom from regret, inner peace and satisfaction with life

Question 11

spirituality in healing process

Answer 11

•enhances comfort
• provides inner peace
• helps patients come to term with disability and death

Question 12

spiritual distress

Answer 12

the state in which the individual experiences or is at risk for experiencing a disturbance in his belief system that is the source of his strength and hope

Question 13

spiritual stress characteristics

Answer 13

• concerned with the meaning of life suffering and or death
• concern about beliefs system
• angry toward God/religion representatives
• no longer participates in religion practice
• concerned about his/her relationship with God
• questions meaning of own existence

Question 14

characteristics con’t

Answer 14

• feels guilty shame, remorse
• feels helpless hopeless
• seek spiritual assistance
• demonstrates gallows humor
• suffers from sleep disturbance
• Alternation and mood behavior

Question 15

spiritual assessment

Answer 15

• faith/belief
• life, and self responsibility
• Connectedness to God and others
• life satisfaction
• culture
• fellowship, and community
• ritual and practice
•vocation

Question 16

nursing care

Answer 16

•nursing-patient relationship
•active listening to fears, hope, dreams and pain
• respect
• freedom of choice
•no judgement
• use of support systems
•diet
•prayer/meditation

Question 17

nursing action

Answer 17

• Offer to contact the pastoral care department
• plain activities to promote healing of body, mind, and spirit
• offer to teach relaxation, guided imagery, and meditation techniques

Question 18

religion

Answer 18

•organized beliefs and worship
• “ state of doing”

Question 19

religious

Answer 19

•agnostic: a person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of the existence or nature of God or if anything beyond material phenomena; a person who claims neither faith nor disbelief in God.
• atheist: a person who disbelieves or lacks belief in existence of God or gods and an ultimate reality

Question 20

roman catholicism

Answer 20

• eucharist and mass
•anointing of the sick
• last rites
• baptism of infants
•praying the rosary
• lent
•birth control
• confession

Question 21

protestantism

Answer 21

•can include a number of denominations
• communion on Sundays
• pastor/ premiers/ preacher/ reverend
• christian
•baptism

Question 22

mormonism/church of latter day saints

Answer 22

• joseph smith- prophet
• healthful living( no tea, alcohol, coffee or tobacco)
• believes in jesus
•forgiveness of sins
• baptism for the newborn
•last rites
•communion

Question 23

Johovah witness

Answer 23

• don not celebrate birthdays or holiday
•refusal of blood products/ no blood in food
• does not believe in immediate afterlife
•johovah is God- there is no trinity

Question 24

mennonites

Answer 24

• christian
•pacifism
•many speak low german and or spanish
• caps indicate submission and headship order
• God > man > woman
•modest

Question 25

islam (muslim)

Answer 25

• may engage in prayer 3-5 times a day facing mecca
•face, hands, and feet are washed before prayer
• right hand used for everything but elimination
• no pork or alcohol
•gender concordance care
•modesty

Question 26

judaism

Answer 26

• kosher certificated foods
• sabbath is from sunset Friday to sunset Saturday
• sabbath may not want to use call light
• cremation is prohibited or highly discouraged
• daily prayers are valued
• circumcisions

Question 27

buddhism

Answer 27

• no belief in a creator/ God
• mindfulness and mental clarity
• quiet and peaceful environment
• may be vegetarian
• prefer family to bathe, toileting, feed
• suffering is a part of life
• karma

Question 28

Hinduism

Answer 28

• reincarnation and karma
• personal hygiene important and must be daily
• cremation common on a day 2 after death
• right hand for eating, left hand for toileting
• many are vegetarian
• accept death and illness as part of life
• personal icons or religious statues nearby
•elders have a strong influence on decision making

Question 29

diversity

Answer 29

the unique variation between individual informed by genetics and cultural background, refined by experience and personal choice.

Question 30

variation

Answer 30

• race
• gender
• sexual orientation
• age
• education
• abilities/ disabilities
• life experiences
• geographic
• parental status
• language
• profession/ occupation

Question 31

culture

Answer 31

•learned and shared beliefs involving: knowledge, behavior, ideas, attitudes, values, habits, work and lifestyle practices, tradition, language, symbols, rituals, experiences of thoughts and emotions, ceremonies, and practices that are unique to a particular group of people

Question 32

culture care

Answer 32

•culture awareness- self exam of one’s own bias
• culture knowledge- sound education base about diversity
• culture skills- gathering information through a cultural assessment and being aware of physical findings that are based on race/ ethnicity
• culture encounters- engage face to face
• cultural desire- want to engage with diverse populations

Question 33

cultural congruent care- ANA standard 8

Answer 33

13 competencies
• demonstrates respect, equality and empathy
• participates in lifelong learning to understand cultural heritage
• applies knowledge of variation in health beliefs, practice and communication patterns
• respects decisions based on age, tradition, beliefs and family influences
• promotes equal access to services, test, interventions, health promotion
• education nurse colleagues and other professionals about cultural similarities and differences
• considers the effects and impact of discrimination

Question 34

barriers to culturally competent care

Answer 34

•bias ( unconscious and implicit)
-one sidedness, tendency to lean a certain way. lack of impartiality
•prejudice
- negative attitudes toward others based on race, gender, sexual orientation
• ethnocentrism
- believing your way of living is superior to others. cause of bias and prejudice
• cultural imposition
- use their own values and lifestyles and the absolute guide in dealing with patients
• cultural stereotypes
- all people of a certain racial or ethnic group are alike in certain aspects
• discrimination
- behavior manifestations of prejudice

Question 35

cultural and life transitions

Answer 35

• pregnancy
• childbirth
• newborns
• grief and loss

Question 36

cultural assessment

Answer 36

• family structure
• communication patterns
• food with cultural significance
• time orientation
• space
• control

Question 37

ethnicity

Answer 37

• a cultural groups shared identity such as values, language, geographical space, racial characteristics

Question 38

race

Answer 38

• the grouping of people based on biological similarities and attributes

Question 39

diversity attitude scale

Answer 39

•celebration
- we need each other
• affirmation
- i’ve got something to learn from you
• civility
- i respect your rights
•tolerance
- you have a right to be here
• intolerance
- i’ll work to keep you out

Question 40

improve your relationship with different kinds of people

Answer 40

• honestly assess your attitudes
• put yourself in perspective and its others
• seek personal contact
• respect differences but don’t overlook similarities
• search for more knowledge
• treat people as individuals rather than stereotyping them
• include, don’t exclude

Question 41

stressors and stress

Answer 41

• physical, environmental or psychological perceived demands that may lead to growth, personal development or a crisis.
• stress is the result of an exposure to a stressor.

Question 42

fight or flight

Answer 42

•parasympathetic
-constricts pupil, stimulates, flow of a saliva, slows heartbeat, constricts bronchi, stimulates peristalsis, and secretion, stimulates release of bile, contracts bladder, feed, breed, and rest
•sympathetic
-dilates pupils, inhibits flow of saliva, accelerates heartbeat, dilates bronchi, inhibits peristalsis and secretion, conversion of glycogen to glucose, secretions of adrenaline and noradrenaline
• inhibits bladder contraction
•fight or flight

Question 43

consequences of stress

Answer 43

•highly variable
• type and number of stressors
• anticipated stressor
• perception of stressor
• length of time that stressor occurs
•type of coping mechanism implemented
• resilience of individual/feelings of competence
• previous experience
• state of health
• available resources

Question 44

assessment

Answer 44

• history
-perception of threat, past coping partners, social, family dynamics/ friends, work/ recreation, living environment, financial

Question 45

assessment history con’d

Answer 45

• medical, general state of health, illnesses, surgical, medication, treatments, use of alcohol, tobacco and or/drugs, change in sleep, eating, sexual patterns

Question 46

assessment

Answer 46

•general examination(observable)
• general description and appearance
• behavior
• communication/ speech
• mood, affect and feelings
• judgment/ insight
• physical examination

Question 47

s/s of stress

Answer 47

•cognitive
-decreased concentration,comprehension, and memory
•behavioral
-irritability, withdrawal, violence
• emotional
-fear, anxiety, depression, fatigue
• physiological
- increases BP, HR, respiration, etc, somatic systems, decreased immune response

Question 48

coping

Answer 48

•coping mechanisms are ways to which external or internal stress is managed adapted to or acted upon

Question 49

Spirituality unique coping strategies

Answer 49

• providing hope, optimism
• relief from stressors
• place lives in a greater perspective
• positive forms: working with higher power to get through difficultly
• negative forms(guilty and blaming) offer no relief

Question 50

intervention/ implementation
teaching coping skills

Answer 50

•regular exercise • prayer/medication
• support system •music
• time management •singing
• guided imagery/visualization •laughter
• progressive muscle relaxation •aromatherapy
• assertiveness training •sleep
• journal writing • healthy eating
• positive affirmations •decrease use of phone / internet
•massage • organizations
• pets • b vitamins
• sex •hugging

Question 51

key points of coping

Answer 51

• coping can apply to an individual, a family, or an entire community
• coping occurs along a spectrum from effective/ adaptive response to ineffective/ maladaptive response
• coping may be problem focused or emotion focused
• all individuals use coping mechanisms regardless of race, sex, or gender.
•outcomes of coping range from resolution to acceptance