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BASIC TRAINING > Spine Basic Anatomy > Flashcards

Spine Basic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The spine contains _____ vertebrae

A

33

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2
Q

In the spine the vertebrae is made primarily of what type of bone?

A

Cancellous and Cortical bone

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3
Q

Intervertebral disc provides

A
  1. Movement
  2. Shock absorption
  3. Spacing
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4
Q

The intervertebral discs are attached to ______

A

Cartilaginous Endplates

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5
Q

Other name for facets

A

Zygapophyseal joint

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6
Q

The posterior aspects of the vertebrae come together to form joints called: _________

A

Facets/Zygapophyseal joint

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7
Q

______ attach to the spine to create movement.

A

Muscles

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8
Q

Vertebral Ligaments

A

Connect adjacent vertebrae to prevent extreme motions that could cause injury.

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9
Q

3 Planes covered in this module:

A

Saggital - Produces AP View

Coronal/Frontal - Produces AP View

Transverse - Produces Axial View

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10
Q

The lordotic and kyphotic curves of the spine serve 3 primary functions

A
  1. Shock absorption
  2. Provide balance
  3. Flexibility
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11
Q

Describe what a vertebral body is? It’s primary responsibility is ______?

A

Anterior portion of the vertebra. – Primarily responsible for weight bearing.

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12
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Opening formed by the union of the posterior arch with the vertebral body. – Space through which the spinal cord and cauda equina travel.

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13
Q

Pedicle

A

Bony bridge between the vertebral body and the posterior arch. – Connection between anterior and posterior columns of the spine. – Often utilized for screw fixation.

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14
Q

Transverse Process

A

Bony protrusion on either side of the posterior arch of the vertebra, originating from the junction of the lamina and pedicle. – Attachment for muscles and ligaments.

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15
Q

Spinous process

A

Bony protrusion that projects posteriorly from the center of the posterior arch. – Attachment for muscles and ligaments.

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16
Q

Lamina

A

The portion of the posterior arch of the vertebra between the transverse processes and the spinous process. – Completes the bony ring protecting the spinal cord and cauda equina.

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17
Q

Inferior articular process

A

Bony protrusion on the caudal (toward the feet) aspect of the vertebra that articulates with the vertebra below. – Joins with the superior articular process of the vertebra below to form a facet joint.

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18
Q

The cervical spine allows for _________

A

Flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation.

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19
Q

C1 is also called __________

A

Atlas

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20
Q

C1 lacks both a ______ and a _______.

A

Vertebral body and spinous process

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21
Q

The rotation of C1 on C2 makes up ____ of the rotation in the cervical spine.

A

50%

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22
Q

C1 and C2 are the only vertebrae that lack a _____ between them.

A

Disc

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23
Q

The C1 and C2 complex are less stable than the rest of the spine and use _____ structures to make up for it.

A

Ligamentous structures:

1. Transverse Ligament
2. Longitudinal Fascicles
* *(1 & 2 make up the cruciform ligament)**
3. Alar Ligament
4. Apical Ligament
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24
Q

Lateral Mass

A

Made up of the superior and inferior articular processes and the transverse process and made up by a column of bone on either side of the vertebral body that provides additional stability for the head.

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25
Q

Transverse Foreamen

A

Openings in the transverse processes of the cervical spine through which the vertebral arteries travel - usually C1 - C6

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26
Q

Uncinate Process

A

A lip of bone on the lateral aspect of the vertebral body in the cervical spine.

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27
Q

Uncovertebral Joint or Joint of Luschka

A

Name of joint created by the uncinate process in the Cervical spine. It prevents excessive lateral motion of the cervical vertebrae.

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28
Q

Why is thoracic spine very rigid?

A

Because of the rib cage attachments in the thoracic spine.

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29
Q

What are the two reasons that we thoracic spine is very rigid?

A
  1. Rib attachments

2. Orientation of the facets

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30
Q

Costal Facets

A

The joints between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs.

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31
Q

Pars Interarticularis

A

The region of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes.

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32
Q

Sacral Ala

A

Broad flat region of the anterior surface of S1 where it ARTICULATES with the ILLIUM of the pelvis.

33
Q

Sacral Foramen

A

Openings in the anterior and posterior surface of the sacrum through which nerve roots exit. The typical sacrum has four pairs.

34
Q

Sacral Promontory

A

The most superior portion of the first sacral vertebra. This region contains very dense bone and can provide good purchase for screws in the sacrum.

35
Q

Intervertebral Disc consists of two components:

A
  1. Annulus Fibrosis

2. Nucleus Pulposus

36
Q

The Annulus Fibrosis is made up of…?

A

A tough outer layer of woven cartilage fibers. It is thicker anteriorly where loads are higher.

37
Q

Cartilaginous Endplate

A

Exists on the inferior and superior aspects of the vertebral body, is made of collagen and anchors the intervertebral discs to its adjacent vertebral bodies above and below.

38
Q

The intervertebral disks serve three main functions:

A
  1. Spacer (intervertebral foramen)
  2. Distribute Load
  3. Accommodate Movement
39
Q

5 Main ligament structures that prevent extremes of motion that could damage the spine and spinal cord.

A
  1. Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) – Ligament that runs along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies beginning at the occiput and extending to the sacrum. Resists excessive extension.
  2. Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) – Ligament that runs along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies beginning at the occiput and extending to the coccyx. Resists excessive flexion.
  3. Supraspinous ligament – Ligament that runs along the tip of each spinous process from C7 to the sacrum*. Resists excessive flexion.
  4. Ligamentum flavum – Ligament that connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae
  5. Interspinous ligament – Ligament that connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
40
Q

Continuous Ligament

A

Ligaments that span the length of the spine

41
Q

Segmental Ligament

A

Ligaments that only connect adjacent vertebrae

42
Q

What the “continuous ligaments?”

A
  1. ALL
  2. PLL
  3. Supraspinous Ligament
43
Q

Name the “segmental ligaments”

A
  1. Ligamentum Flavum

2. Interspinous Ligament

44
Q

Are the facets considered to be “true joints?”

A

Yes. They have capsular membranes and synovial fluid.

45
Q

The facet’s _______ determines the motion that the spine can achieve.

A

Orientation

46
Q

Cervical Spine’s facet orientation

A

Oriented axially & tilted 45° cranially

47
Q

What kind of movement does the cervical facet orientation allow for?

A
  1. Rotation
  2. Lateral Bending
  3. Flexion
  4. Extension
48
Q

Thoracic spine’s facet orientation?

A

Oriented in the Coronal Plane & 60° angle. This orientation resists rotation.

49
Q

What is the only significant movement of the thoracic spine?

A

Arching of the back or “Cat Stretch”

50
Q

Facet’s orientation in the lumbar spine?

A

The facets are oriented in the sagittal plane and at 45° to the frontal plane

51
Q

What is the movement of the lumbar spine?

A
  1. Lateral bending
  2. Flexion
  3. Extension

No Rotation

52
Q

Unlike the cervical & thoracic spine, the lumbar spine’s facet are _______

A

Curved

53
Q

The spinal cord extends to the level of ______

A

L1

54
Q

The level of L1, the spinal cord tapers into ____

A

the cone-shaped “Conus Medullaris”

55
Q

The spinal cord transitions from the Conus Medullaris, at L2, into the _______

A

Cauda Equinus

56
Q

The Cauda Equina exits the spine at ________

A

Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves.

57
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Bundle of nerve filaments within a membranous sack

58
Q

What are the membranes that cushion & protect the spinal chord?

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia mater.
59
Q

Subdural Membrane

A

“potential” space between Dura Mater & Arachnoid

60
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Space between the Arachnoid and the Pia Mater. This is where the cerebrospinal fluid is located.

61
Q

The Pia Mater lies directly above the ______

A

Neural tissue of the Spinal Chord

62
Q

The spinal nerves are created from two nerve roots exiting the spinal cord called ______

A
  1. Ventral Nerves

2. Dorsal Nerves

63
Q

The dorsal nerve root transmits ______ information.

A

Sensory

64
Q

The ventral nerve root transmits ______ information.

A

Motor

65
Q

There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

66
Q

The 31 spinal nerves are broken down as:

A 
8 Cervical 
12 Thoracic 
5 Lumbar 
5 Sacral 
1 Coccygeal
67
Q

Cervical spinal nerves exit _____ the cervical vertebrae

A

Above

68
Q

The remaining spinal nerves exit ______ the vertebrae

A

Below

69
Q

The dorsal rami innervate the ________

A

Posterior skin and muscles of the back.

70
Q

The ventral rami travel ________ where they join together and reorganize into peripheral nerves of the body.

A

Anteriorly

71
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Network of intersecting and dividing nerves

72
Q

5 nerve plexus in the body:

A
  1. cervical
  2. brachial
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral,
  5. coccygeal
73
Q

Complete lesions

A 
TOTAL LOSS of 
   -motor
   -sensory
   -reflex functions 
BELOW the level of injury.
74
Q

How are complete cord injuries named?

A

By the LAST FUNCTIONING nerve ROOT (i.e., C4 quadriplegia).

75
Q

Incomplete lesions

A

Some function below the level of injury.

76
Q

What do Radicular Symptoms indicate?

A

Indicates impingement of a spinal nerve.

77
Q

Radicular symptoms include:

A

–Numbness
–Tingling
–Weakness
–Paresthesia (feeling of pins and needles)

78
Q

What are some Myelopathic Symptoms?

A

– Gait disturbances
– Bowel and bladder dysfunction
– Generalized weakness

BASIC TRAINING (3 decks)

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