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Functional Anatomy > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Which spinal curve is primary?

A

Thoracic Kyphosis

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2
Q

Which spinal curve(s) are secondary

A

Lumbar Lordosis

Cervical Lordosis

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3
Q

The lumbar disks to lumbar vertebrae size ratio is ____compared to cervical lumbar disks to cervical vertebrae.

A

smaller.

Cervical disks are larger relative to the vertebrae than lumbar disks. This helps generate more motion.

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4
Q

With ant flexion of spine the nucleus pulposa would migrate____?

A

posteriorly

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5
Q

With extension of spine the nucleus pulposa would migrate____?

A

anteriorly

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6
Q

Name the major vertebral ligaments from deep (anterior) to superficial) dorsal?

A 
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligament
supraspinous ligament

(intertransverse ligament)

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7
Q

Intervertebral formania get larger in which motion?

A

Flexion

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8
Q

Extension puts which ligament(s) on slack?

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous Ligament
Suprinous Ligament

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9
Q

thoracic facet joints are near what plane?

A

frontal

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10
Q

lumbar facet joints are near what plane?

A

sagital

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11
Q

At what angle are the cervical facet joints

A

45* from the frontal plane

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12
Q

Thoracic facet joints are good for which movement

A

rotation

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13
Q

Lumbar facet joints are good for which movement

A

flex/ ext

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14
Q

Lateral Flexion to the R/L

Plane of movement and Axis of Rotation

A

Frontal

Anterior- Posterior

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15
Q 
Axial Rotation (R/L)
Plane of movement/ AoR
A

Transverse/ Vertical

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16
Q

Flex/ Ext:

Plane of Movement/ AoR

A

Sagital/

Medial- lateral

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17
Q

What are the passive restraints to Flexion? (7)

A 
Supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
zyhaphyseal joint facet capsule 
ligamentum flavum
PLL
Annulus Fibrosus
Spinal Extensor Musculature
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18
Q

What are the passive restraints t extension?

A 
Spinous Processes
zyhapophyseal joint capsule
annulus fibrosus
Anterior spinal musculature
ALL
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19
Q

the lower cervical spine consists of which vertebrae

A

C3-C7

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20
Q

How do the facet joints change from superior to inferior in the cervical spine?

A

more horizontal in upper and become more vertical

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21
Q

Is the capsule in the C-spine relatively loose or or taut around facet joints?

A

Lax

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22
Q

The PLL is continuous with what structure?

A

Tectorial membrane

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23
Q

What are the upper cervical ligaments?

A

Alar ligament

Cruciform ligament complex

24
Q

What are the bands of the cruciform ligament complex and what motion does it prevent?

A

Superior, Inferior and Transverse

Anterior translation of C1 on C2

25
Q

What does the Alar ligament limit?

A

flexion and rotation

26
Q

transverse band of the cruciate ligament complex on its own prevents what?
Where is it?

A

excessive flexion between atlas and axis.

wrapping around the dens, just posterior to it.

27
Q

The atlanto-occipital joint contributes what motion?

A

appx 25% of available c flexion/ extension

28
Q

The atlanto-axial joint generates what motion(s)?

A

~25% of Available cervical flexion/ extension

~50-60% of total c-spine rotation

29
Q

The lower cervical spine allows what movement(s)?

A

flexion/ ext
lateral flexion
rotation

30
Q

Flexion is greatest in which lower c-spine joint

A

C5-C6

31
Q

Flexion of the c-spine would do what t the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Tighten

32
Q

What anatomical structures increases the stability of the thoracic spine?

A 
Articulation with ribs
overlapping spinous processes 
thickened ligamentum flavum and ALL
increased disc height
facet joints near vertical
33
Q

Describe how a rib attaches to vertebrae.

A

The head of a rib will attach to superior(lower) and inferior(upper) vertebral costal facets.
Additionally the tubercle articulates with a costal facet on the transverse process of the upper rib.

34
Q

A thoracic apophyseal joint primarily allows for motion in which plane?
what motion is this primarily

A

Frontal

rotation

35
Q

How do the lumbar intervertebral discs change in size from superior to inferior?

A

Increase

36
Q

Is there more Type I or Type II collagen in lumbar Nucleus Pulposa?

A

Type II

37
Q

What type of collagen is predominant in the annulus and what does it help resist?

A

Type I.

Tension

38
Q

Which part of the annulus is innervated?

A

The outer 1/3

39
Q

Where does nutrition for the disc come from? What is this process called?

A

Cartilaginous endplate

imbition

40
Q

What causes Schmorl’s nodes and what condition can this lead to?

A

Schmorl’s nodes are formed when the nuclear material prolapses through the vertebral end plate and into the spongy bone of the vertebra. This may cause an autoimmune response when it comes in contact with the blood supply in the cancellous bone.
degenerative disk disease.

41
Q

In which direction does L5 naturally want to sheer?

A

anteriorly and inferiorly

42
Q

Left axially rotation of the LV causes separation and compression at which joints?

A

separation at left facet joint and comp and compression at right facet joint.

43
Q

What’s the normal range for compressive force through the L intervertebral disc?

A

80-85%

44
Q

Increased kyphosis would ____the amount of compressive force through facet joints.

A

Decrease

45
Q

Which structures help resist torsion in the spine?

A
  1. Annular fiber orientation

2. Facet joints

46
Q

Name the major classes of forces the spine has to withstand?

A
  1. compression
  2. flexion/ extension
  3. Lateral flexion
  4. torsion
  5. Shear
47
Q

What impairments are associated with the pars articularis?

A

If this structure fractures- this is called spondylosis.

If the vertebral body then shifts forward its spondylolistesis.

48
Q

What’s the lumbosacral angle and where is it found?

A

It’s the angle between a horizontal line a line drawn parallel to the superior aspect of the sacrum. normal is 30-40*.

49
Q

What movements are associated with pelvic nutation?

A

sacral promontory moves anteriorly and inferiorly while the coccyx moves posteriorly in relation to the ilium.

50
Q

What landmarks are used for assessing pelvic nutation

A

sacral promontory and coccyx

51
Q

What movements are associated with pelvic counter nutation?

A

the anterior tip of the sacral promontory moves posteriorly and superiorly while the coccyx moves anteriorly in relation to the ilium.

52
Q

What is one thing pelvic nutation affects?

A

diameter of the pelvic brim and outlet.

53
Q

Is more axial rotation to be had at each spinal level in the lumbar spine or the thoracic spine?

A

Thoracic.

54
Q

Is more lateral flexion to had from a vertebral joint in the thoracic or lumbar spine?

A

Trick question. They’re both apps. the same. Appx <5* or less each.

55
Q

The most Cervical rotation comes from which joint?

A

C1-C2

56
Q

Describe a R thoracic scoliosis?

A

Convexity of the spine is in the thoracic region and points towards the patients right.

57
Q

Describe the action(s) of the sternocleiodomastoid on the cervical spine.

A
  1. If contracts bilaterally will flex the cranium and c-spine from an extended position
  2. Can contribute to lateral flexion of the ipsilateral side
  3. If contract unilaterally will rotate the head (and c-spine) to the contralateral side.

Functional Anatomy (5 decks)

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