spine Flashcards
1
Q
forms the central axis of the skeleton and is centered in the midsagittal plane of the posterior part of the trunk.
A
VERTEBRAL COLUMN/ SPINE
2
Q
The vertebral column is composed of small segments of bone called
A
vertebrae
3
Q
Average bones in a child.
A
33 bones
4
Q
Disks of fibrocartilage that separates the vertebral bodies and act as cushions to the spine.
A
Intervertebral Disks
4
Q
Average bones in adults.
A
26 bones
5
Q
Each disk has a central mass of soft, pulpy, semi gelatinous material called
A
nucleus pulposus
6
Q
it is the outer fibrocartilaginous disk that surrounds nucleus pulposus
A
annulus fibrosus
7
Q
the rupture or protrusion of pulpy nucleus into the vertebral canal, thereby impinging on the spinal nerve
A
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) / Slipped Disk
8
Q
Often occurs in the lumbar region.
A
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) / Slipped Disk
9
Q
4 Function of the Vertebral Column
A
- It encloses and protects the spinal cord.
- It acts as a support for the trunk.
- It supports the skull superiorly.
- Provides attachment for the deep muscles of the back and the rib laterally
10
Q
5 Regions of the Vertebral Column
A
Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacral Vertebrae
Coccygeal Vertebrae
11
Q
true or movable vertebrae
A
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
12
Q
false or fixed vertebrae
A
Sacrum and Coccyx
13
Q
Cervical Vertebrae
A
7 bones
13
Q
Lumbar Vertebrae
A
5 bones
14
Q
Sacral Vertebrae
A
5 bones or 1 bone
14
Q
Thoracic Vertebrae
A
12 bones
15
Q
Coccygeal Vertebrae
A
3 or 5 bones / 1 bones
16
Q
4 Vertebral Curvature
A
Cervical and Lumbar curve
Thoracic and Pelvic curve
17
Q
Convex Anteriorly
Concave posteriorly
A
Cervical and Lumbar curve
18
Q
Concave Anteriorly
Convex Posteriorly
A
Thoracic and Pelvic curve
19
Q
Lordotic Curves
A
Cervical and Lumbar curve
19
Q
Kyphotic Curves
A
Thoracic and Pelvic curve
20
Q
are called primary curves because they are present at birth.
A
Thoracic and Pelvic curve
21
are called secondary or compensatory curves because they develop after birth.
Cervical and Lumbar curve
22
develops when the child begin to walk at about 1 to 1.5 years of age.
Lumbar Vertebrae
22
develop when the child begins to hold the head up at about 3 or 4 months
Cervical Vertebrae
23
Any abnormal increase in the anterior concavity (posterior convexity) of the thoracic curve.
Humpback
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
Kyphosis
24
Any abnormal increase in the anterior convexity (posterior concavity) of the lumbar or cervical curve.
Swayback
Exaggerated lumbar curvature.
Lordosis
25
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
26
- Describes a spinal curve to the right
- Usually occurring in the thoracic spine
- The most common type of curve
Dextroscoliosis
27
- Describes a spinal curve to the left
- Common in the lumbar spine
Levoscolios
28
Atypical vertebrae (Cervical Vertebrae)
C1, C2, C7
29
The anterior mass of bone
Body
30
Typical vertebrae (Cervical Vertebrae)
C3, C4, C5, C6
30
2 Main Parts TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRA
Body and Vertebral Arch
31
The posterior ringlike portion of the vertebrae
Vertebral Arch
32
The space between the body and the vertebral arch
Vertebral Foramen
33
Vertebral Arch is formed by
2 pedicles 2 laminae
that supports:
4 articular processes
2 transverse processes
1 spinous process
34
Arise from the junction of the pedicles and laminae to articulate with the vertebrae above and below
two superior and two inferior.
Articular Process
35
the 1st cervical vertebra
C1/ Atlas
35
Interarticular Facet Joints or
Apophyseal Joints
Zygapophyseal Joint
36
The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches.
Zygapophyseal Joint
37
It is a ringlike structure with no body and has a very short spinous process.
C1/ Atlas
38
C1 / Atlas consists of
an anterior arch
a posterior arch
2 lateral masses
2 transverse processes
39
Divides the arches of C1 into anterior and posterior portion
Transverse Atlantal Ligament
40
The ______ portion of the ring receives the dens (odontoid process) of the axis.
Anterior
41
The __________ portion transmits the proximal spinal cord.
Posterior
42
Odontoid process is aka
Dens
43
The 2nd cervical vertebra.
C2 / Axis
44
This is the strong conical process arising from the upper surface of its body
Dens / Odontoid Process
44
has a strong conical process arising from the upper surface of its body
C2 / Axis
45
has a long, prominent spinous process that projects almost horizontally to the posterior
C7 / Vertebra Prominens
46
The spinous process are short and has double pointed (bifid) tips
Typical Cervical Vertebra
46
double pointed tips
bifid
47
How many foramina do all cervical vertebrae have?
3
Right & Left Transverse Foramina
Vertebral Foramen
48
The intervertebral foramina of the cervical region are directed anteriorly at a ______ degree angle from the midsagittal plane of the body.
45 degree angle
49
The foramina are also directed at a ____ degree inferior angle to the horizontal plane of the body.
15 degree
50
Each thoracic body have ______ for articulation with the heads of the ribs
costal facets
51
The foramina are clearly demonstrated radiographically with the patient in what position?
True Lateral Position
52
The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic vertebrae form an angle of ___ to ___ degree to the midsagittal plane of the body.
70 - 75 degree
53
Processes under Lumbar Vertebra
Mamillary Process , Accessory Process, Pars Interarticularis
54
is a smoothly rounded projection on the back of each superior articular process
Mamillary Process
55
is at the back of the root of the transverse process.
Accessory Proces
56
(neck area of the Scottie Dog)
The part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes
Pars Interarticularis
57
Scottie Dog
Scottish Terrier
57
The superior four pairs of foramina are demonstrated radiographically with the patient in a ______ position
True Lateral Position
58
The zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar region are inclined posteriorly from the coronal plane, forming an angle of ___ to ___ degree to the midsagittal plane of the body.
30 - 35 degree
59
Topographic Landmarks
C1
Mastoidtip–1 inch below EAM
60
Topographic Landmarks
C3
Gonion
61
Topographic Landmarks
C4 / C5
Adam's Apple
62
Topographic Landmarks
Body of T1
Vertebra Prominens
63
Topographic Landmarks
T1
1.5 inches superior to jugular notch
64
Topographic Landmarks
T2 and T3
Jugular Notch
65
Topographic Landmarks
Junction of T4 and T5
Sternal Angle
66
Topographic Landmarks
T7
3 to 4 inches inferior to Jugular Notch
67
Topographic Landmarks
Junction of T9-T10
Xiphoid Process
68
Topographic Landmarks
Greater Trochanter
Symphysis Pubis
69
Topographic Landmarks
S1 and S2
ASIS
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
70
Topographic Landmarks
Junction of L4 and L5
Iliac Crest
71
Topographic Landmarks
L2–L3
The lowest margin of the ribs
72
Fracture of the Dens
Odontoid Fx
73
Kyphosis with onset in adolescence
Scheuermann'sDisease/Adolescent Kyphosis
74
Comminuted fracture of the ring of C1
Jefferson Fx
75
Fracture that causes compaction of bone and a decrease in length or width
Compression Fx
76
A congenital condition in which the posterior aspects of the vertebrae fail to develop, thus exposing part of the spinal cord. Occurs most often at L5
Spina Bifida
77
is a generic term used to
describe an injury to the neck caused when the neck is suddenly and/or violently jolted in one direction to another. Commonly occurs in people who have experienced a vehicular accident.
Whiplash
78
Fracture of the anterior arch of C2 due to hyperextension.
Hangman's Fx
79
was introduced by Schneider in 1965
Hangman's Fx
80
result from a hyperflexion force that causes fracture through the vertebral body and posterior elements (spinous process, pedicles, facets, transverse processes).
Chance Fx
81
are fractures of the spinous process of a lower cervical vertebra (usually C7), and are usually a stress fracture.
Clay-shoveler’s fracture
81
The mechanism of injury is compression with hyperflexion in the cervical region. The vertebral body is comminuted, with triangular fragments avulsed from the anteroinferior border and fragments from the posterior vertebral body displaced into the spinal canal.
Teardrop BurstFracture
82
Is the inflammation of the vertebrae
Spondylitis
83
Is an inflammatory condition that usually begins in the sacroiliac joints and progresses up the vertebral column. The spine may become completely rigid as the intervertebral and costovertebral joints fuse
Ankylosing spondylitis
84
is the forward displacement of a vertebra, especially the fifth lumbar vertebra, most commonly occurring after a break or fracture. Backward displacement is referred to as retrolisthesis.
Spondylolisthesis
85
a defect or fracture of the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch
Spondylolysis
86
is a term referring to degenerative osteoarthritis of the joints of the spinal vertebrae
Spondylosis
87
occurs when the vertebra takes on a characteristic of the adjacent region of the spine. Most often in the lumbosacral region in which the vertebrae possess enlarged transverse processes. Another example of transitional vertebra involves the cervical and lumbar ribs.
Transitional Vertebra
88
a congenital anomaly, in which the transverse process of the last lumbar vertebra (L5) fuses to the sacrum on one side or both, or
to ilium, or both.
Sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra
89
Incomplete or partial dislocation
Subluxation
90
This condition is characterized by loss of bone mass
Osteoporosis
