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Procedures > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A
  • supports the weight of the body
  • maintains posture
  • protects spinal cord and nerves
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2
Q

How many total vertebrae are there?

A

33

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3
Q

Atlas is?

A

C1

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4
Q

Axis is?

A

C2

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5
Q

Bifid spinous processes is?

A

C3-6

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6
Q

Vertebra prominence is?

A

C7

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7
Q

What supports the head, articulates with the occipital condyles, and has no vertebral body?

A

atlas

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8
Q

What has the odontoid process, atlantoaxial joint?

A

Axis

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9
Q

Which of the following spinal ligaments extends across the vertebral foramen of C1 to form a sling over the posterior surface of the odontoid process?

A. Alar ligament
B. Supraspinous ligament
C. Anterior longitudinal ligament
D. Transverse ligament

A

D. Transverse ligament

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10
Q

An expansive ligament that extends from the external occipital protuberance of the cranium to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae is the?

A. Ligamentum nuchae
B. Supraspinous ligament
C. Transverse ligament
D. Apical ligament

A

A. Ligamentum nuchae

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11
Q

Which of the following ligaments is a continuation of the ligamentum nuchae?

A. Anterior longitudinal ligament
B. Posterior longitudinal ligament
C. Supraspinous ligament
D. Apical ligament

A

C. Supraspinous ligament

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12
Q

Massive muscles that form a prominent bulge on each side of the vertebral column are the?

A. Erector spinae muscles
B. Splenius muscles
C. Transversospinal muscles
D. Semispinalis muscles

A

A. Erector spinae muscles

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13
Q

Which of the following deep muscles consisting of many fibrous bundles that extend the full length of the spine are the most prominent in the lumbar region?

A. Semispinalis muscles
B. Multifidus muscles
C. Splenius muscles
D. Erector spinal muscles

A

B. Multifidus muscles

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14
Q

A potential space called the subdural space runs between the?

A. Arachnoid mater and the pia mater
B. Arachnoid mater and dura mater
C. Dura mater and pia mater
D. Pia mater and spinal cord

A

B. Arachnoid mater and dura mater

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15
Q

The dura mater extends to approx which vertebral level?

A. L3
B. L5
C. S2
D. S4

A

C. S2

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16
Q

Which of the following contain the nerve cell bodies of the efferent (motor) neurons?

A. Dorsal roots
B. Dorsal horns
C. Ventral roots
D. Ventral horns

A

D. Ventral horns

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17
Q

The largest branch of the lumbar plexus descending beneath the inguinal ligament is the?

A. Phrenic nerve
B. Femoral nerve
C. Sciatic nerve
D. Tibial nerve

A

B. Femoral nerve

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18
Q

Which of the following arteries is formed just caudal to the basilar artery by the union of two small branches of the vertebral arteries?

A. Anterior spinal artery
B. Posterior spinal artery
C. Anterior radicular artery
D. Posterior radicular artery

A

A. Anterior spinal artery

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19
Q

The _____ ______ is a remarkable structure that supports the weight of the body, helps maintain posture, and protects the delicate spinal cord and nerves

A

Vertebral column

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20
Q

The cervical and lumbar sections convex forward, creating _____ _____

A

Lordotic curves

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21
Q

The thoracic and sacral section convex backward creating ______ ______

A

Kyphotic curves

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22
Q

_____ is a spinal disorder in which an excessive convex curvature or forward rounding of the thoracic spine occurs

A

Kyphosis

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23
Q

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed ______

A

Scoliosis

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24
Q

Vertebrae vary in size and shape from section to section, but a typical vertebra consists of two main parts: the ___ (anterior element) and the vertebral arch (posterior element)

A

Body

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25
Q

The compact bone on the superior and inferior surfaces of the body is called the _____ ______ _______

A

Vertebral end plate

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26
Q

Located posteriorly is the ringlike arch that attaches to the sides of the body, creating a space called the _____ ______

A

Vertebral foramen

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27
Q

The succession of the vertebral foramina forms the _____ ______ which contains and protects the spinal cord

A

Vertebral canal

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28
Q

The two _____ project from the body to meet with two laminae which continue posteriorly and medially to form a spinous process

A

Pedicles

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29
Q

The _____ _______ project laterally from the approximate junction of the pedicle and lamina

A

Transverse processes

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30
Q

On the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicles is a concave surface termed the _____ ______

A

Vertebral notch

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31
Q

When the superior and inferior notches of adjacent vertebrae meet, they form ______ _______ which allow for the transmission of spinal nerves and blood vessels

A

Intervertebral foramina

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32
Q

Four _____ ______ two superior and two inferior, arise from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae to articulate with adjacent vertebrae form the Z joints

A

Articular processes

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33
Q

The ______ _______ is the small bony segment that joins the superior and inferior facet joints

A

Pars interarticularis

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34
Q

The vertebral bodies are separated by shock absorbing cartilaginous ______ _______

A

Intervertebral disks

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35
Q

These disks consist of a central mass of soft, semi gelatinous material called the _____ ______ and a firm outer portion termed the annulus fibrosus

A

Nucleus pulposus

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36
Q

Within the transverse process of each cervical vertebrae is a _____ ______; these allow passage of the vertebral arteries and veins as they ascend to and descend from the head

A

Transverse foramen

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37
Q

The first cervical vertebra is termed the _____ because it supports the head; its large superior articular process articulate with the occipital condyles of the cranium to form the atlantoocipital joint

A

Atlas

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38
Q

The ____ is a ringlike structure that has no body and no spinous process. It consists of an anterior arch, posterior arch, and two large lateral masses

A

Atlas

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39
Q

The second cervical vertebra, the ____, has a large odontoid process (dens) that projects upward from the superior surface of the vertebral body

A

Axis

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40
Q

The cervical vertebrae C3-C6 have a unique configuration with their _____ spinous processes

A

Bifid

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41
Q

A unilateral or bilateral stress fracture or defect of the pars interarticularis is termed ______

A

Spondylolysis

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42
Q

Bilateral spondylolysis may result in _____ which is anterior slippage of one vertebra over another

A

Spondylolisthesis

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43
Q
  • Iliocostalis cervicis
  • Iliocostalis thoracis
  • Iliocostalis lumborum
A

Erector spinae group

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44
Q

Arises from the upper 4 ventral rami of C1-C4

A

Cervical plexus

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45
Q

Arises from the 5 ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1

A

Brachial plexus

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46
Q

Arises from the ventral rami of T12 and L1-L4

A

Lumbar plexus

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47
Q

Arises from L4-L5 and S1-S4

A

Sacral plexus

48
Q

Pulse sequence for metal and blood?

A

STIR

49
Q

Pulse sequence for MS, plaques, and fluid?

A

FLAIR

50
Q

What nerves runs down both legs?

A

Sciatic nerve

51
Q
  • Malignant tumor common in children and young adults
  • You get expansion in the spinal cord and common in cervical spine
A

Astrocytoma

52
Q
  • Slow growing, benign tumor originating from dura mater
  • Very common
  • Common in thoracic spine
A

Meningioma

53
Q
  • Slow growing in the lumbar spine and older people
A

Myxopapillary Ependymoma

54
Q
  • Common vascular birthmark
  • Made of extra blood vessels in the skin
  • It is a benign (non-cancerous) growth
A

Hemangioma

55
Q

Which will be hyperintense (bright) on T2?

A

Fluid

56
Q

Which will be hypointense (dark) on T1?

A

Fluid

57
Q

Hypointense means?

A

Dark

58
Q

Hyperintense means?

A

Bright

59
Q
  • A condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal, present at birth
  • It occurs when part of the skull is abnormally small or misshapen
A

Arnold Chiari Malformation

60
Q

Motor is ______

A

efferent

61
Q

Sensory is ______

A

Afferent

62
Q

The _____ _______ contain the nerve cell bodies of the efferent (motor) neurons

A

Ventral horns

63
Q

The ______ _____ contain neurons and sensory (afferent) fibers that enter the cord from the body periphery

A

Dorsal horns

64
Q

The intermediate muscle group, the _____ ______ ______ group, consists of massive muscles that form a prominent bulge on each side of the vertebral column

A

Erector spinae muscle

65
Q

The iliocostalis layer is the ______ column

A

lateral

66
Q

The longissimus layer is the _____ column

A

Intermediate

67
Q

The spinalis layer is the ______ column

A

Medial

68
Q

The ______ muscles run superiorly to attach to the angles of the lower ribs and transverse processes of C7-C4

A

Iliocsotalis

69
Q

The _______ muscles run superiorly to insert into the tips of the transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical regions, medial to the angles of the lower ribs, and the mastoid process

A

Longissimus

70
Q

The narrow _____ muscle extends from the spinous process of the upper lumbar and lower thoracic regions to the spinous process of the superior thoracic spine, cervical spine, and occipital bone

A

Spinalis

71
Q

Risk factors for discitis

A
  • Recent spine surgery
  • Preceding bacteremia
  • Immunosuppression
  • Diabetes
  • Intravenous drug use
72
Q

______ _______ can lead to paralysis and cauda equina syndrome if below conus

A

Cord compression

73
Q

______ _______ is a condition in which the nucleus (inner portion) of a spinal disc remains contained within the annulus fibrosus (outer portion)

A

Disc bulge

74
Q

______ is a part that sticks out from the general mass

A

Protrusion

75
Q

______ is a condition that occurs when the soft center of a spinal disc pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior casing

A

Herniation

76
Q

The stomach is located in what quadrant?

A

LUQ

77
Q

The heart is located in what quadrant?

A

LUQ

78
Q

Location of carotid bifurcation?

A

Upper border of thyroid cartilage

79
Q

Location of iliac crest in relation to the spine?

A

L4

80
Q

If it is angled, then it is the _____ plane

A

Oblique

81
Q

L5 location is what landmark?

A

IVC

82
Q

Aortic arch?

A

2.5 cm below jugular notch

83
Q

Odontoid is body of _____

A

C2

84
Q

_____ muscle is on the lateral portion of the neck

A

Scalene

85
Q

Axial image of Z Joints

A

ON EXAM

86
Q

Main blood vessel that arises from lumbar to the heart of the interior portions of lumbar is the descending _____

A

Aorta

87
Q

Huge blood vessel that goes down; drains blood from lower trunk is the _____

A

IVC

88
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament starts at _____ and goes all the way down

A

C1

89
Q

Dorsal root ganglion is located in the ______ foramen

A

Vertebral

90
Q

What part of the spinal cord do we have around T12 and L1?

A

Conus medullaris

91
Q

When a conus medullaris is attached to L5 it is called _____ _____

A

Tethered cord

92
Q

_____ is the paraspinous ligamentous or disc ossification bridging 2 adjacent vertebral bodies SLIDE 51 IMAGE ON PPT

A

Syndesmophyte

93
Q

Spinal cord seems to be pinched is?

A

Spinal cord stenosis

94
Q

_____ is gray; in between

A

Isointense

95
Q

3T is _____ ______

A

T1 FLAIR

96
Q

`Throughout its length, the delicate spinal cord is surrounded and protected by CSF which is contained in the thecal sac formed by the _____ ______

A

Spinal meninges

97
Q

The ____ _____ is the tough outer layer that extends to approximately the level of S2 creating the thecal sac

A

Dura mater

98
Q

The ______ ____ is the thin transparent membrane that is attached to the inner surface of the dura mater

A

Arachnoid mater

99
Q

A potential space called the _____ ____ runs between the arachnoid and dura mater

A

Subdural space

100
Q

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is _____ _____

A

Subarachnoid space

101
Q

The ____ _____ is highly vascular layer that closely adheres to the the spinal cord

A

Pia mater

102
Q

The ______ ______ descends through the subarachnoid space to the inferior border of thecal sac where it is reinforced by the dura mater

A

Filum terminale

103
Q

Anything around spinal cord is?

A

CSF

104
Q

Severing of the spinal cord between cervical and lumbsosacral enlargements?

A

Paraplegia

105
Q

Severing of the spinal cord above C3?

A

Quadriplegia

106
Q

To better visualize scoliosis which imaging plane is ideal?

A

Coronal

107
Q

Which of the following coils can be used for spinal imaging?

A

Phased array / multi channel coil

108
Q

Centering on cervical spine is?

A

Hyoid bone; just superior to thyroid gland

109
Q

What should we include on cervical spine?

A

Clivus to T1

110
Q

To plan a sagittal, what 2 plane do we use?

A

Axial and coronal

111
Q

To plan a coronal, what 2 plane do we use?

A

Axial and sagittal

112
Q

Which of the following can be a reason why we need to use contrast on a C spine?

A

Blastomas, cancer, MS plaques

113
Q

Center brachial plexus on?

A

Jugular notch

114
Q

What coil do we use for ALL SPINES?

A

Phased array coil

115
Q

Thoracic spine center on?

A

Midsternum; 2-3 inches superior to xiphoid process

Procedures (3 decks)

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