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Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A
  • supports the weight of the body
  • maintains posture
  • protects spinal cord and nerves
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2
Q

How many total vertebrae are there?

A

33

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3
Q

Atlas is?

A

C1

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4
Q

Axis is?

A

C2

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5
Q

Bifid spinous processes is?

A

C3-6

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6
Q

Vertebra prominence is?

A

C7

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7
Q

What supports the head, articulates with the occipital condyles, and has no vertebral body?

A

atlas

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8
Q

What has the odontoid process, atlantoaxial joint?

A

Axis

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9
Q

Which of the following spinal ligaments extends across the vertebral foramen of C1 to form a sling over the posterior surface of the odontoid process?

A. Alar ligament
B. Supraspinous ligament
C. Anterior longitudinal ligament
D. Transverse ligament

A

D. Transverse ligament

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10
Q

An expansive ligament that extends from the external occipital protuberance of the cranium to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae is the?

A. Ligamentum nuchae
B. Supraspinous ligament
C. Transverse ligament
D. Apical ligament

A

A. Ligamentum nuchae

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11
Q

Which of the following ligaments is a continuation of the ligamentum nuchae?

A. Anterior longitudinal ligament
B. Posterior longitudinal ligament
C. Supraspinous ligament
D. Apical ligament

A

C. Supraspinous ligament

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12
Q

Massive muscles that form a prominent bulge on each side of the vertebral column are the?

A. Erector spinae muscles
B. Splenius muscles
C. Transversospinal muscles
D. Semispinalis muscles

A

A. Erector spinae muscles

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13
Q

Which of the following deep muscles consisting of many fibrous bundles that extend the full length of the spine are the most prominent in the lumbar region?

A. Semispinalis muscles
B. Multifidus muscles
C. Splenius muscles
D. Erector spinal muscles

A

B. Multifidus muscles

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14
Q

A potential space called the subdural space runs between the?

A. Arachnoid mater and the pia mater
B. Arachnoid mater and dura mater
C. Dura mater and pia mater
D. Pia mater and spinal cord

A

B. Arachnoid mater and dura mater

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15
Q

The dura mater extends to approx which vertebral level?

A. L3
B. L5
C. S2
D. S4

A

C. S2

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16
Q

Which of the following contain the nerve cell bodies of the efferent (motor) neurons?

A. Dorsal roots
B. Dorsal horns
C. Ventral roots
D. Ventral horns

A

D. Ventral horns

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17
Q

The largest branch of the lumbar plexus descending beneath the inguinal ligament is the?

A. Phrenic nerve
B. Femoral nerve
C. Sciatic nerve
D. Tibial nerve

A

B. Femoral nerve

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18
Q

Which of the following arteries is formed just caudal to the basilar artery by the union of two small branches of the vertebral arteries?

A. Anterior spinal artery
B. Posterior spinal artery
C. Anterior radicular artery
D. Posterior radicular artery

A

A. Anterior spinal artery

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19
Q

The _____ ______ is a remarkable structure that supports the weight of the body, helps maintain posture, and protects the delicate spinal cord and nerves

A

Vertebral column

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20
Q

The cervical and lumbar sections convex forward, creating _____ _____

A

Lordotic curves

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21
Q

The thoracic and sacral section convex backward creating ______ ______

A

Kyphotic curves

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22
Q

_____ is a spinal disorder in which an excessive convex curvature or forward rounding of the thoracic spine occurs

A

Kyphosis

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23
Q

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed ______

A

Scoliosis

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24
Q

Vertebrae vary in size and shape from section to section, but a typical vertebra consists of two main parts: the ___ (anterior element) and the vertebral arch (posterior element)

A

Body

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25
The compact bone on the superior and inferior surfaces of the body is called the _____ ______ _______
Vertebral end plate
26
Located posteriorly is the ringlike arch that attaches to the sides of the body, creating a space called the _____ ______
Vertebral foramen
27
The succession of the vertebral foramina forms the _____ ______ which contains and protects the spinal cord
Vertebral canal
28
The two _____ project from the body to meet with two laminae which continue posteriorly and medially to form a spinous process
Pedicles
29
The _____ _______ project laterally from the approximate junction of the pedicle and lamina
Transverse processes
30
On the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicles is a concave surface termed the _____ ______
Vertebral notch
31
When the superior and inferior notches of adjacent vertebrae meet, they form ______ _______ which allow for the transmission of spinal nerves and blood vessels
Intervertebral foramina
32
Four _____ ______ two superior and two inferior, arise from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae to articulate with adjacent vertebrae form the Z joints
Articular processes
33
The ______ _______ is the small bony segment that joins the superior and inferior facet joints
Pars interarticularis
34
The vertebral bodies are separated by shock absorbing cartilaginous ______ _______
Intervertebral disks
35
These disks consist of a central mass of soft, semi gelatinous material called the _____ ______ and a firm outer portion termed the annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
36
Within the transverse process of each cervical vertebrae is a _____ ______; these allow passage of the vertebral arteries and veins as they ascend to and descend from the head
Transverse foramen
37
The first cervical vertebra is termed the _____ because it supports the head; its large superior articular process articulate with the occipital condyles of the cranium to form the atlantoocipital joint
Atlas
38
The ____ is a ringlike structure that has no body and no spinous process. It consists of an anterior arch, posterior arch, and two large lateral masses
Atlas
39
The second cervical vertebra, the ____, has a large odontoid process (dens) that projects upward from the superior surface of the vertebral body
Axis
40
The cervical vertebrae C3-C6 have a unique configuration with their _____ spinous processes
Bifid
41
A unilateral or bilateral stress fracture or defect of the pars interarticularis is termed ______
Spondylolysis
42
Bilateral spondylolysis may result in _____ which is anterior slippage of one vertebra over another
Spondylolisthesis
43
- Iliocostalis cervicis - Iliocostalis thoracis - Iliocostalis lumborum
Erector spinae group
44
Arises from the upper 4 ventral rami of C1-C4
Cervical plexus
45
Arises from the 5 ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1
Brachial plexus
46
Arises from the ventral rami of T12 and L1-L4
Lumbar plexus
47
Arises from L4-L5 and S1-S4
Sacral plexus
48
Pulse sequence for metal and blood?
STIR
49
Pulse sequence for MS, plaques, and fluid?
FLAIR
50
What nerves runs down both legs?
Sciatic nerve
51
- Malignant tumor common in children and young adults - You get expansion in the spinal cord and common in cervical spine
Astrocytoma
52
- Slow growing, benign tumor originating from dura mater - Very common - Common in thoracic spine
Meningioma
53
- Slow growing in the lumbar spine and older people
Myxopapillary Ependymoma
54
- Common vascular birthmark - Made of extra blood vessels in the skin - It is a benign (non-cancerous) growth
Hemangioma
55
Which will be hyperintense (bright) on T2?
Fluid
56
Which will be hypointense (dark) on T1?
Fluid
57
Hypointense means?
Dark
58
Hyperintense means?
Bright
59
- A condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal, present at birth - It occurs when part of the skull is abnormally small or misshapen
Arnold Chiari Malformation
60
Motor is ______
efferent
61
Sensory is ______
Afferent
62
The _____ _______ contain the nerve cell bodies of the efferent (motor) neurons
Ventral horns
63
The ______ _____ contain neurons and sensory (afferent) fibers that enter the cord from the body periphery
Dorsal horns
64
The intermediate muscle group, the _____ ______ ______ group, consists of massive muscles that form a prominent bulge on each side of the vertebral column
Erector spinae muscle
65
The iliocostalis layer is the ______ column
lateral
66
The longissimus layer is the _____ column
Intermediate
67
The spinalis layer is the ______ column
Medial
68
The ______ muscles run superiorly to attach to the angles of the lower ribs and transverse processes of C7-C4
Iliocsotalis
69
The _______ muscles run superiorly to insert into the tips of the transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical regions, medial to the angles of the lower ribs, and the mastoid process
Longissimus
70
The narrow _____ muscle extends from the spinous process of the upper lumbar and lower thoracic regions to the spinous process of the superior thoracic spine, cervical spine, and occipital bone
Spinalis
71
Risk factors for discitis
- Recent spine surgery - Preceding bacteremia - Immunosuppression - Diabetes - Intravenous drug use
72
______ _______ can lead to paralysis and cauda equina syndrome if below conus
Cord compression
73
______ _______ is a condition in which the nucleus (inner portion) of a spinal disc remains contained within the annulus fibrosus (outer portion)
Disc bulge
74
______ is a part that sticks out from the general mass
Protrusion
75
______ is a condition that occurs when the soft center of a spinal disc pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior casing
Herniation
76
The stomach is located in what quadrant?
LUQ
77
The heart is located in what quadrant?
LUQ
78
Location of carotid bifurcation?
Upper border of thyroid cartilage
79
Location of iliac crest in relation to the spine?
L4
80
If it is angled, then it is the _____ plane
Oblique
81
L5 location is what landmark?
IVC
82
Aortic arch?
2.5 cm below jugular notch
83
Odontoid is body of _____
C2
84
_____ muscle is on the lateral portion of the neck
Scalene
85
Axial image of Z Joints
ON EXAM
86
Main blood vessel that arises from lumbar to the heart of the interior portions of lumbar is the descending _____
Aorta
87
Huge blood vessel that goes down; drains blood from lower trunk is the _____
IVC
88
Anterior longitudinal ligament starts at _____ and goes all the way down
C1
89
Dorsal root ganglion is located in the ______ foramen
Vertebral
90
What part of the spinal cord do we have around T12 and L1?
Conus medullaris
91
When a conus medullaris is attached to L5 it is called _____ _____
Tethered cord
92
_____ is the paraspinous ligamentous or disc ossification bridging 2 adjacent vertebral bodies SLIDE 51 IMAGE ON PPT
Syndesmophyte
93
Spinal cord seems to be pinched is?
Spinal cord stenosis
94
_____ is gray; in between
Isointense
95
3T is _____ ______
T1 FLAIR
96
`Throughout its length, the delicate spinal cord is surrounded and protected by CSF which is contained in the thecal sac formed by the _____ ______
Spinal meninges
97
The ____ _____ is the tough outer layer that extends to approximately the level of S2 creating the thecal sac
Dura mater
98
The ______ ____ is the thin transparent membrane that is attached to the inner surface of the dura mater
Arachnoid mater
99
A potential space called the _____ ____ runs between the arachnoid and dura mater
Subdural space
100
The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is _____ _____
Subarachnoid space
101
The ____ _____ is highly vascular layer that closely adheres to the the spinal cord
Pia mater
102
The ______ ______ descends through the subarachnoid space to the inferior border of thecal sac where it is reinforced by the dura mater
Filum terminale
103
Anything around spinal cord is?
CSF
104
Severing of the spinal cord between cervical and lumbsosacral enlargements?
Paraplegia
105
Severing of the spinal cord above C3?
Quadriplegia
106
To better visualize scoliosis which imaging plane is ideal?
Coronal
107
Which of the following coils can be used for spinal imaging?
Phased array / multi channel coil
108
Centering on cervical spine is?
Hyoid bone; just superior to thyroid gland
109
What should we include on cervical spine?
Clivus to T1
110
To plan a sagittal, what 2 plane do we use?
Axial and coronal
111
To plan a coronal, what 2 plane do we use?
Axial and sagittal
112
Which of the following can be a reason why we need to use contrast on a C spine?
Blastomas, cancer, MS plaques
113
Center brachial plexus on?
Jugular notch
114
What coil do we use for ALL SPINES?
Phased array coil
115
Thoracic spine center on?
Midsternum; 2-3 inches superior to xiphoid process

Procedures (3 decks)

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