Spinal Levels

Question 1

In an L1 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 1

Hip flexors (psoas and sartorius)

Question 2

In an L2 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 2

Strong hip flexors, moderate hip adductors (gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus)

Question 3

In an L3 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 3

Moderate knee extension (quads),

Question 4

In an L4 SCI, what most distal muscles groups/action remain?

Answer 4

Strong knee extension (quads), foot DF and inversion (anterior tibialis)

Question 5

In an L5 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 5

DF and toe extension (extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus), hip abduction (glut med)

Question 6

In an S1 SCI, what distal most muscle group/action remain?

Answer 6

Active PF (gastroc/soleus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus), hip extension (glut max)

Question 7

In a thoracic level SCI, what is the typical LE function presentation?

Answer 7

No LE function, poor seated support due to weak abdominal muscles.

Question 8

In a thoracic level SCI, what is the typical orthotic intervention for ambulation?

Answer 8

RGO with walker

Wheelchair

Question 9

In an L1 or L2 level SCI, what is the typical orthotic intervention for ambulation?

Answer 9

RGO with walker/crutches
HKAFO
KAFO

Question 10

In an L4, or L5 level SCI, what is the typical orthotic intervention for ambulation?

Answer 10

AFO

Question 11

In a C1, C2 or C3 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 11

Sternocleidomastoid, upper trap, legatos scapulae (neck control, limited shoulder movements)

Question 12

In a C4 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 12

Diaphragm (breathing), trapezius (shoulder shrug)

Question 13

In a C5 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 13

Deltoid, rotator cuff (shoulder control), biceps brachii (elbow flexion), supinator (forearm supination)

Question 14

In a C6 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 14

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (wrist extension), pronates teres (forearm pronation), pectoralis major (increased shoulder control)

Question 15

In a C7 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 15

Triceps, latissimus dorsi(elbow extension), pectoralis major, flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis, flexor carpi radialis (wrist flexion, and finger flexion/extension)

Question 16

In a T1 SCI, what most distal muscle group/action remain?

Answer 16

Interossei (MP flexion), lumbricals (finger abd and add), thenar and hypothenar eminances (thumb movements).

Question 17

In an L3 level SCI, what is the typical orthotic intervention for ambulation?

Answer 17

KAFO

AFO (depends on quad strength)

Question 18

In a T1 level SCI, what is the typical UE orthotic intervention?

Answer 18

Short opponens

Question 19

In a C7 level SCI, what is the typical UE orthotic intervention?

Answer 19

Wrist driven tenodesis
MP finger flexion/extension orthosis
Short opponens

Question 20

In a C6 level SCI, what is the typical UE orthotic intervention?

Answer 20

WRIST DRIVEN TENODESIS

Question 21

In a C4 or C5 level SCI, what is the typical UE orthotic intervention?

Answer 21

Mobile arm support
Powered tenodesis
Long opponens

Question 22

In a C1, C2 or C3 level SCI, what is the typical UE orthotic intervention?

Answer 22

Long opponens

Question 23

At what spinal level is a Jefferson fracture located?

Answer 23

C1/atlas

Question 24

What is a common cause of a Jefferson fracture?

Answer 24

Axial loading (diving into a pool)

Question 25

At what spinal level is a Hangman’s fracture located?

Answer 25

C2/axis

Question 26

A traumatic spondylolisthesis of C2 with neural arch damage is what type of fracture?

Answer 26

Hangman’s fracture

Question 27

At what spinal level is an odontoid fracture located?

Answer 27

The dens of the C2 vertebra

Question 28

Clay Shovelers fracture typically occurs at what range of spinal levels?

Answer 28

C6-C7

Question 29

A spinus process avulsion between shoulder blades, with an audible “pop”, is what type of fracture

Answer 29

Clay Shovelers

Question 30

Chance fracture typically occurs at what range of spinal levels?

Answer 30

T12-L2

Question 31

What type of fracture occurs due to extreme and violent flexion, resulting in the vertebra splitting from superior to inferior?

Answer 31

Chance fracture

Question 32

At what spinal level does the cauda equina begin?

Answer 32

L2

Question 33

A Boston Brace (low profile TLSO) is able to treat a thoracic curve up to what vertebral apex?

Answer 33

T6

Question 34

What type of orthosis should be used for spinal injuries between the levels of C1 and T9?

Answer 34

CTO

Question 35

What type of orthosis should be used for spinal injuries between the levels of C3 and C6?

Answer 35

CO

Question 36

What type of orthosis should be used for spinal injuries between the levels of T4-T6?

Answer 36

CTO | CTLSO

Question 37

What type of orthosis should be used for spinal injuries between the levels of T7 - L2?

Answer 37

TLSO

Question 38

What type of orthosis should be used for spinal injuries between the levels of L1 and L3?

Answer 38

LSO

Question 39

What type of orthosis should be used for spinal injuries between the levels of L4 to S1?

Answer 39

LSO with hip spica

Question 40

What type of orthosis is typically used for Jefferons and Hangman’s fractures?

Answer 40

HALO CTO (rigid) CO (rigid)

Question 41

What type of orthosis is typical used for a Clay Shovelers fracture?

Answer 41

Semi-rigid CO

Question 42

What type of orthosis is typical used for a Chance fracture?

Answer 42

Custom hyperextension TLSO

Question 43

What pathology is a Taylor TLSO typically used to treat?

Answer 43

Hyperkyphosis

Question 44

What pathology is a Williams Flexion LSO typically used to treat?

Answer 44

Spondylolisthesis

Question 45

What spinal columns (anterior, middle or posterior) are affected in a burst fracture?

Answer 45

Anterior and middle

Question 46

What spinal columns (anterior, middle or posterior) are affected in a compression fracture?

Answer 46

Anterior

Question 47

.

Answer 47

Taylor TLSO

Question 48

.

Answer 48

Knight-taylor TLSO

Question 49

.

Answer 49

Knight LSO

Question 50

.

Answer 50

Chair back LSO

Question 51

.

Answer 51

Williams Flexion LSO