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Clinical Neurology > Spinal Cord and Reflexes > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. How many are in each spinal segment [Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal]?

A

Cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1

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2
Q

C1-C7 exits above or below their respective vertebrae?

A

Above

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3
Q

C8 exits between which vertebraes?

A

Between C7 and T1

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4
Q

T1 and below exits above or below their respective vertebrae?

A

Below

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5
Q

Central Relay Station

A. receives incoming information from the body and the brain
B. conveys outgoing information to the body and the brain

A

A. receives incoming information from the body and the brain

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6
Q

Central Processing Station

A. receives incoming information from the body and the brain
B. conveys outgoing information to the body and the brain

A

B. conveys outgoing information to the body and the brain

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7
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

conical distal end of the SC

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8
Q

Cauda Equina

A

horse’s tail; bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets; made up of dorsal and ventral

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9
Q

Filum Terminale

A

extends from the tip of conus and attaches to the distal dural sac; anchors the conus medullaris and the tecal sac of the first coccygeal vertebrae which limits the superior movement and the extension of pia mater

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10
Q

Denticulate Ligaments

A

connected tissue extending form the lateral side of the spinal cord to the dura mater by tooth-like processes; limits lateral movement

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11
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

origin of the brachial plexus

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12
Q

Lumbosacral Enlargement

A

origin of lumbosacral plexus

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13
Q

Epidural Space

A

separates dura mater from vertebral column, anesthetic can be injected to anesthetize the local spinal nerve

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14
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost, thickest

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15
Q

Subdural Space

A

a potential space that can be opened by the separation of the arachnoid mater from the dura mater as the result of trauma

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16
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

very thin

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17
Q

Subarachnoid Mater

A

usually contains the CSP, extends to the S2 level of vertebra

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18
Q

Pia Mater

A

deepest

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19
Q

What are the 6 meningeal coverings of the spinal cord?

A

Epidural space, Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid mater, and pia mater

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20
Q

At birth, the cord extends at what level?

A

3rd lumbar vertebrae

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21
Q

At the adult stage, the tip of the cord lies at what level?

A

1st/2nd level of the vertebrae

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22
Q

Divides the cord into symmetric right and left portions

A

Anterior Median Fissure
Posterior Median Sulcus

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23
Q

The spinal cord is continuous with the medulla oblongata and starts from the level of foramen magnum and will extend up to an adult’s

A

lower border of L1 vertebra

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24
Q

The spinal cord is continuous with the medulla oblongata and starts from the level of foramen magnum and will extend up to a young child’s

A

upper border of L3 vertebra

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25
Q

The anterior median fissure contains a fold of pia and blood vessels and its floor is the

A

Anterior (white) Commissure

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26
Q

Ventral nerve roots

A

Anterior
exits at the anterolateral sulcus

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27
Q

Dorsal nerve roots are

A

Posterior
attached to the spinal cord along a shallow vertical groove, the posterolateral sulcus

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28
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

swelling that contains nerve cell bodies that gives rise to the sensory axons

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29
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A

portions of the spinal nerve outside the vertebral column

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30
Q

Dorsointermediate Sulcus

A

responsible for dividing the dorsal column into fasciculus gracilis (lower extremities, medial) and fasciculus cuneatus (upper extremities, lateral)

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31
Q

Dorsolateral Sulcus

A

contains the vertebral grove which is where the dorsal nerve rootlets are attached

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32
Q

Ventrolateral Sulcus

A

where the ventral nerve roots exit

33
Q

LAW OF BELL AND MAGENDIE

A

principle referring to the separation of the sensory and motor neurons of the spinal cord implicating that impulses are relayed in one direction

34
Q

Dorsal Spinal roots are _____ and Ventral Spinal roots are_______

A

sensory; motor

35
Q

Alpha Motor Neuron Axon

A

attached to the extrafusal (large) striated muscle fibers
Anterior Root

36
Q

Gamma Motor Neuron Axon

A

supplies the intrafusal muscle of the muscle spindle for muscle tone; responsible for regulating the sensitivity of the muscle spindle
Anterior Root

37
Q

Sclerotomes

A

consists of bones and ligaments innervated by one spinal nerve

38
Q

Dermatomes

A

skin area supplied by a spinal nerve
keyword: derma

39
Q

Dermatomes

A

skin area supplied by a spinal nerve
keyword: derma

40
Q

Myotomes

A

group of muscles innervated by a spinal nerve

41
Q

The Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord has:

A

gray matter, white matter, cervical and lumbar enlargement

42
Q

Gray Matter

A

periphery comprised of axons
Made up of two symmetric portions joined centrally by the gray commissure

43
Q

White Matter

A

“Law of Bell & Magendie”

44
Q

“Law of Bell & Magendie”

A

needed in order to innervate the muscles of arms (cervical) and legs (lumbar); as one travels inferiorly down the cord, the amount of white mater decreases as less information is being transmitted

45
Q

Gray commissure

A

transverse connection of gray matter

46
Q

The gray matter has 3 columns, they are:

A

Ventral Horn, Dorsal Horn, and Intermediolateral Horn

47
Q

Ventral Horn

A

in front of the central canal, contains cells of the origin of the ventral root (alpha and gamma) and cell bodies innervating the skeletal muscles (LMN); concerned with motor function

48
Q

Intermediolateral horn

A

between dorsal and ventral gray
matter, contains preganglionic autonomic cells (ANS)

49
Q

Intermediolateral horn

A

between dorsal and ventral gray
matter, contains preganglionic autonomic cells (ANS)

50
Q

Dorsal horn

A

contains the dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer’s
tract – pain pathway); concerned with sensory

51
Q

Lamina processes

A

receive information from the brain or
effector organs that process either sensory or motor info
depending on location

52
Q

Substantia Gelatinosa (RL 1&2)

A

for pain sensation

53
Q

Nucleus Proprius (RL 3&4) and Nucleus Dorsalis (RL7)

A

for proprioception

54
Q

Anterior Horn Cell (RL 9)

A

for movement

55
Q

Central Canal (RL10)

A

circulation of CSF

56
Q

There are how many Rexed’s Lamina in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

57
Q
  • Respond to noxious (pain) stimuli
  • Send axons to the contralateral spinothalamic tract
  • Has high concentration of substance P (a neuropeptide involved in pathways mediating sensibility to pain)

Contains: Nuclei reticular formation

A

Lamina I

Dorsomarginal nucleus

58
Q

Responds to noxious stimuli and has high concentration of substance P

Contains: Predominantly Golgi Type II neurons

A

Lamina II

Substantia Gelatinosa

58
Q

Responds to noxious stimuli and has high concentration of substance P

Contains: Predominantly Golgi Type II neurons

A

Lamina II

Substantia Gelatinosa

59
Q

Conveys position and light touch

A

Lamina III and IV

Nucleus Proprius

60
Q

Responds to both noxious and visceral afferent stimuli

61
Q

Respond to mechanical signals from joints and skin

Contains exteroceptive and proprioceptive sensory cells

62
Q
  • Nucleus dorsalis of Clarke (to posterior spinocerebellar tract)
  • Interomediolateral Horn
  • Sacral parasympathetic nucleus of Onufrowicz

Lamina for proprioception

A

Lamina VII

Nucleus Dorsalis or Clarke’s Column

63
Q
  • Receives descending axons from brain
  • Medial motor neuron column: axial musculature
  • Lateral motor neuron column: arm and leg
  • Flexor muscles are innervated by motor neurons near the central canal
  • Extensors are innervated by motor neurons more laterally

Contains Alpha and gamma motor neurons

A

Lamina VIII and IX

64
Q

Represents the small central neurons around the central canal

A

Lamina X

Central Canal

65
Q

What are the 3 columns (funiculi) of white matter?

A

Posterior, Lateral, Ventral (Anterior)

66
Q

This is between Dorsal Median Fissure and Dorsal Horn and where the fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis are located

A

Posterior Column

66
Q

This is between Dorsal Median Fissure and Dorsal Horn and where the fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis are located

A

Posterior Column

67
Q

between Ventral Horn and Dorsal Horn

A

Lateral Column

68
Q

between Ventral Median Fissure and Ventral Horn

69
Q

This tract is sensory and goes towards the CNS

A

Ascending tracts

70
Q

This tract is motor and goes towards the PNS

A

Descending tracts

71
Q

First-Order Neuron

Descending Tract

A

UMN

from cerebral cortex

72
Q

Second-Order Neuron

Descending Tract

A

Interneuron (within the gray column, a relatively short neuron)

73
Q

Third-Motor Neuron

Descending Tract

A

LMN

innervation of the skeletal muscles through the anterior root of spinal cord

74
Q

First-Order neuron

Ascending tract

A

comes from the dermatomes or sensory receptors and ends at Dorsal Root Ganglion

75
Q

Second-Order neuron

Ascending tract

A

gives rise to axons that decussates and ascends to a higher level of the CNS where it synapses on the third order neurons at dorsal horn.

76
Q

Third-Order neuron

A

usually gives rise to a projection fiber that goes to the cortex at thalamus

76
Q

Third-Order neuron

A

usually gives rise to a projection fiber that goes to the cortex at thalamus

Clinical Neurology (4 decks)

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