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Anatomy Unit 4 > Spinal Cord Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord begins as the brainstem transitions through the ________ and ends at ________ in adults and _______ in children.

A

Foramen Magnum; L1-L2; L2-L3

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2
Q

Rootlets -> Dorsal or Ventral Root -> Spinal Nerve (roots come together) -> Dorsal Primary Rami & Ventral Primary Rami

A

Spinal Cord Formation

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3
Q

How many spinal cord segments are there total?

A

31 spinal cord segments

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4
Q

Cervical Segments:
Thoracic Segments:
Lumbar Segments:
Sacral Segments:
Coccygeal Segments:

A

8
12
5
5
1

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5
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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6
Q

Sensory root that carries information from the body to the spinal cord for processing.
-Ganglion is found outside the spinal cord

A

Dorsal Root

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7
Q

Motor root that carries signals from the CNS out to the body.
-Ganglion is within the spinal cord

A

Ventral Root

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8
Q

A group of fibers that comes directly off of the Spinal Nerve, goes to the side of the spinal column and projects into a Sympathetic Chain Ganglion.
-Also called White Rami Communicantes (myelinated)
-Type B Fibers = Motor

A

Preganglionic Sympathetics

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9
Q

New fibers initiated from the Sympathetic Chain Ganglion that rejoin the spinal nerve.
-Exist between T1-L2,L3
-Gray Rami Communicantes (Unmyelinated).
-Type C Fibers = Motor

A

Postganglionic Sympathetics

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10
Q

The major plexi all come from what?

A

Ventral Primary Rami

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11
Q

C1-C4, with a small part of C5 contribution for Phrenic Nerve (diaphragm)

A

Cervical Plexus

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12
Q

C5-T1

A

Brachial Plexus

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13
Q

L1-S4, with about 50% of the population having a contribution from T12

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

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14
Q

S4, S5, and Coccygeal Nerve

A

Coccygeal Plexus

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15
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

58-60 cm (23-24 in)

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16
Q

How long is the vertebral column?

A

About 2.5 ft in length (about 0.5 foot longer than spinal cord)

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17
Q

Why is the area below the end of the spinal cord (below L1-L2) good for spinal injections and spinal fluid withdraws?

A

Because below the spinal cord are dorsal/ventral roots (Cauda Equina) floating in CSF. Floating in a big bag of Dura Mater containing fluid.

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18
Q

Where does the Conus Medullaris occur?

A

Between L1-L2

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19
Q

The Conus Medullaris continues down as a little filament that attaches to the coccyx to hold the spinal cord in place.
-Consists of rope of pia mater and glial cells.
-Runs in the sacral canal, exits via the sacral hiatus, and attaches to coccyx
-Without this, the spinal cord would be flopping around.

A

Filum Terminale

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20
Q

A large arachnoid/Dura Mater ending that holds CSF. Forms a cavity.
-Continues down to S2 vertebra where it ends.
-Creates a bag of CSF that contains dorsal/ventral roots (Cauda Equina)

A

Lumbar Cistern

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21
Q

Represents a line drawn across one iliac crest to the other. The top of iliac crests on both sides is L4.
-Have the patient bend over to visualize
-Safe spot for placing needle since it’s well below L1-L2.

A

Tuffier’s Line

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22
Q

Where are the two enlargements of the spinal cord located?

A

-Cervical Enlargement exists between C5-T1 for the Brachial Plexus
-Lumbosacral enlargement between L1-S4 for the Lumbosacral Plexus

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23
Q

Where does the Cauda Equina originate from?

A

The Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord (L1-S4).

24
Q

A trilaminar covering that surrounds the spinal cord, and extends out to the spinal nerves.
-When you do a lumbar puncture, you are anesthetizing the dorsal/ventral roots as well.

A

Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater

25
Q

Very thin, round layer that goes all the way out to the spinal nerve.
-Tightly encases the spinal cord
- “Tender Mother”
-Can’t see the spinal cord unless you strip this off

A

Pia Mater

26
Q

Middle layer
-Sub____ space is encases between this and Pia Mater. Contains CSF

A

Arachnoid Mater

27
Q

Outer layer, fits very loosely on the spinal cord. Extends out over roots as well.
- “Tough Mother”

A

Dura Mater

28
Q

Modifications of Pia Mater.
-Row of teeth coming off of spinal cord
-Layer of Pia Mater
-Occurs between Dorsal and Ventral Roots
-Holds the Dura Mater in place, doesn’t let it slide off, go up or down, etc.
-Pierces the Arachnoid and attaches underneath it to the dura mater.

A

Denticulate Ligaments

29
Q

How many Denticulate Ligaments are there?

A

21 on either side

30
Q

Space between the Pia Mater and Arachnoid Mater
-Real space; contains CSF
-Continuous with the _______ space in the brain.
-Intra-thecal

A

Subarachnoid

31
Q

A potential space; have to pull layers apart to force it to exist.
-Arachnoid sticks/adheres to Dura Mater

A

Subdural Space

32
Q

A potential space in the brain, but a real space in the spinal cord.
-Contains fat for padding & injury prevention
-Has anterior/posterior venous plexi
-To be reached, have to go through supraspinous, interspinous ligaments, and Ligamentum Flavum (which offers the most resistance).

A

Epidural Space

33
Q

Why when you anesthetize the spinal cord, it is carried out to the spinal nerve.
-More bang for your buck
-Sensory and motor anesthesia

A

The spinal cord is encased with Pia Mater and Arachnoid Mater (and Dura Mater?) that are carried out to the spinal nerves.
-Also anesthetizes the dorsal/ventral roots coming off of the spinal cord.
-Gets sensory & motor anesthesia

34
Q

Contained in the Epidural Space.
-Anterior is more developed than posterior
-Anterior > Posterior
-Veins anastomose with each other

A

Anterior/Posterior Venous Plexi

35
Q

Vein that drains the vertebral bodies.
-Also picks up drainage from the anterior/posterior venous plexi
-Runs over the body of the vertebrae

A

Basil Vertebral Vein

36
Q

Looks like a butterfly.
-Neuron cell bodies
-Some unmyelinated fibers
-Contains a Dorsal and Ventral Column
-Lateral Column that is just a little pocket pushing out that contains cells. Kind of off of the Ventral Column

A

Gray Matter

37
Q

Consists of myelinated axons
-Contains a Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral Column

A

White Matter

38
Q

Near the commissure connecting the butterfly wings. A holdover remnant of the neural tube
-Very tiny opening

A

Central Canal

39
Q

The point where the two gray matter areas on either side connect across the midline of the butterfly

A

Gray Commissure

40
Q

Pocket pushing out of the Ventral Gray Horn
-Contains Cell bodies that originate preganglionic fibers of the SNS (T1-L2, L3)
-Contains Cell bodies that originate preganglionic fibers of the PARASYMPATHETIC (S2-S4) and supplies innervation to the pelvic viscera

A

Lateral Gray Horn

41
Q

A Cleft that runs deep in white matter. Divides the spinal cord into symmetrical halves (R and L)

A

Anterior Median Fissure

42
Q

Divides the spinal cord into symmetrical halves (R and L)
-Not as deep

A

Posterior Median Sulcus

43
Q

Occur where Dorsal Rootlets enter the spinal cord
-2 of them

A

Dorsolateral Sulci

44
Q

Occur where Ventral Rootlets exit the spinal cord
-2 of them

A

Ventrolateral Sulci

45
Q

Bisect the dorsal white columns
-Split white matter into lateral and medial halves
-Start at about T8 and go up to C1. Don’t have any in the lower spinal cord

A

Dorsal Intermediate Sulci

46
Q

Portion of white matter that carries information from the upper half of the body.
-Proprioception & tactile senses

A

Lateral Portions of White Matter (created by Dorsal Intermediate Sulci)

47
Q

Portion of white matter in between the two dorsal intermediate sulci.
-Carries information from the lower half of the body.
-Proprioception & tactile senses

A

Medial Portion of White Matter (created by the Dorsal Intermediate Sulci)

48
Q

Vertebral Artery goes upwards, passes through C1, and goes medially, then goes through the Foramen Magnum. Gives off tiny arteries called the _________ (left and right). Very small artery, like spiderwebs
-DS Artery is accompanied by Feeder Arteries (Segmental Arteries) that boost arterial flow to the spinal cord.
-Supplies the Dorsal 1/3 of the spinal cord

A

Dorsal Spinal Artery

49
Q

Arteries at the conus medullaris that are mixing in with the nerves of the Cauda Equina.
-Derived from Lateral Sacral Arteries

A

Cauda Equina Arteries

50
Q

Lesion of injury here will involve these areas:
-Tactile sense, 2 point discrimination, stereognosis, etc.
-Dorsal White Column Injury

A

Posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord (Supplied by Dorsal Spinal Arteries, Feeder Arteries, and Cauda Equina Arteries)

51
Q

Lesion here will cause:
-Loss of motor control of upper & lower limbs
-Loss of ability to act with cerebellum
-Loss of pain & temperature

A

Anterior 2/3 of spinal cord (Supplied by the Ventral Spinal Artery, Feeder Arteries, and the Cauda Equina Arteries)

52
Q

Vertebral Artery comes off of the Subclavian, goes upward, passes through C1, and goes medially, then goes through the Foramen Magnum. Gives off a BIG artery called the ______ Spinal Artery
-Feeder/segmental arteries assist it, but not as many are needed because this is a bigger artery and carries more blood
-Goes down to Cauda Equina Arteries and anastomoses with the Lateral Sacral Arteries
-Lies superficially within the Anterior Median Fissure.

A

Ventral Spinal Artery

53
Q

A feeder artery that is larger than the others
-Gives good blood supply to the rest of the spinal cord
-Located most of the time off of the left side
-Generally at about T8-T12 spinal cord segments
-VERY important in preventing lack of O2 to spinal cord from that point down.
-Risk of severing it during surgery, especially during Abdominal Aneurysm repair
-Injury to this causes loss of blood flow and partial paralysis
-Anastomoses with the Anterior (Ventral) Spinal Artery

A

Anterior Medullary Artery of Adamkiewicz

54
Q

Segmental Arteries that come off of the Posterior Intercostal Arteries.
-Bifurcates into one small artery that goes over the ventral root, and one that goes over the dorsal root
-Goes over the roots, so called Radicular Arteries (Radicular = Root)
-Divides into anterior/posterior
-Anastomoses with other arteries on the spinal cord to form a continuous loop of blood

A

Feeder Arteries

55
Q

Run in Epidural Space
-Anterior Internal: Runs up & down posterior aspect of vertebral bodies. Accepts drainage from vertebral bodies and from spinal cord to be recirculated
-Posterior Internal: Smaller than anterior.
-Anterior External
-Posterior External

Externals join with Internals by the Vertebral Anastomotic Veins

A

Venous Plexi

56
Q

Cancer of nervous system or of Prostate will metastasize in these veins and spread.
-Has a thick sheet of fascia that protects, but can eventually be broken down

A

Venous Plexi

Anatomy Unit 4 (8 decks)

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