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Spinal Cord > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

Sense change in chemical concentration

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2
Q

Sense tissue damage

A

Nociceptors

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3
Q

Sense changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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4
Q

Sense mechanical deformation of tissue

A

Mechanoreceptors

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5
Q

Sense change in position of joints

A

Proprioceptors

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6
Q

Sense change in tissue length

A

Stretch receptors

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7
Q

Sense changes in light intensity

A

Photoreceptors

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8
Q

Specific receptors

A

Free nerve endings
Merkel’s discs
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs

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9
Q

Sense touch, pressure and produce pain

A

Free nerve endings

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10
Q

Sense fine touch and pressure

A

Merkel’s discs

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11
Q

Sense heavy pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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12
Q

Sense skin movement and pressure

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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13
Q

Sense change in muscle length

A

Muscle spindle

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14
Q

Sense increase tension in tendons

A

Golgi tendon organs

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15
Q

Sense change in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

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16
Q

Reflexes are

A

Automatic responses to a stimuli

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17
Q

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons are found in the

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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18
Q

The dorsal root takes sensory information to the

A

Spinal cord

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19
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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20
Q

Three meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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21
Q

Main brain regions

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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22
Q

The thalami and hypothalamus makes the

A

Diencephalon

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23
Q

The Diencephalon links

A

Hemispheres of the cerebrum to brainstem

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24
Q

The brainstem includes what three structures

A

Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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25
Q

Most inferior part of the brain
Center for coordinating complex autonomic reflexes and control of visceral functions.
Has two main reflex centers: cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity center.

A

Medulla oblongata

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26
Q

Links the cerebellum with the midbrain, Diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord.

Contains nuclei and tracts that carry sensory and motor information

A

Pons

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27
Q

Automatic processing center

Maintains balance and smooths movement

A

Cerebellum

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28
Q

Integrate visual information with other sensory input.

Relay auditory information

Maintain posture, body position, consciousness and alertness

A

Midbrain

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29
Q

The Diencephalon is comprised of

A

Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

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30
Q

The epithalamus contains …..which secretes……to help regulate day and night.

A

Pineal gland
Melatonin

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31
Q

The thalamus contains part of the…..which deals with emotions. It also projects sensory information to the frontal lobes, relay information to the motor area of the cerebral cortex.

A

Limbic system

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32
Q

Secretes oxytocin to stimulate smooth muscle contraction in uterus and stimulate active mammary glands to release milk.

Regulate body temperature, control heart rate and blood pressure.

Control feeding reflex, regulates circadian rhythm, and secretes ADH which restricts water loss by kidneys

A

Hypothalamus

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33
Q

Between the cerebrum and Diencephalon

Links conscious intellectual function of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic function of the brain stem.

Establish emotional state and will control memory storage and retrieval.

Motivational system

A

Limbic system

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34
Q

Largest brain region
Conscious thoughts and all high order intellectual functions originate

A

Cerebellum

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35
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglia are also called

A

Paravertebral

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36
Q

Parasympathetic nerve signals will pass via the ……..to reach the large intestine

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

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37
Q

The adrenal medulla cells divided into two groups, those that secrete epinephrine and those that secrete….

A

Norepinephrine

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38
Q

Collateral ganglia are unpaired ganglia located in the….

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

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39
Q

The sympathetic division is also called the …… division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Thoracolumbar

40
Q

List two structural differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

A

Location of autonomic ganglia
Location of the preganglionic neuron cell bodies within the CNS

41
Q

What is found in the sympathetic chain ganglion and the collateral ganglion

A

Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

42
Q

The nerves of the sympathetic division that carry impulses from the CNS

A

Spinal nerves
Splanchnic nerves
Sympathetic Nerves

43
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the sacral region of the spinal cord travel in …….nerves to reach the terminal ganglia

A

Pelvic splanchnic

44
Q

Location of the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Near the target organ

45
Q

Location of ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Near the spinal cord

46
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic nerve fibers are ……whereas the postganglionic fibers are…….

A

Long
Short

47
Q

The sympathetic inner action for organs of the thorax is primarily derived from the…….sympathetic chain ganglia

A

Cervical and upper thoracic

48
Q

Cranial nerves are components of the …….. nervous system

A

Parasympathetic

49
Q

The cardiac plexus and pulmonary plexus are considered part of the

A

Thoracic nerve plexuses

50
Q

The lacrimal gland is innervated by the……nerve

A

Facial

51
Q

Neurotransmitter acetylcholine

A

Receptor nicotinic and muscarinic

52
Q

Neurotransmitter norepinephrine

A

Receptor alpha and beta

53
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Adrenergic

54
Q

Sympathetic effects on the digestive system

A

Decrease gastrointestinal secretion
Pancreatic insulin secretion
Pancreatic enzymes secretion

55
Q

The increased breakdown of lipids within adipose tissue and thus the release of fatty acids may be induced by the…….. nervous system

A

Sympathetic

56
Q

Which are parasympathetic effects on the urinary system

A

Relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

Contraction of the urinary bladder wall

57
Q

What division prepares the eye for far vision

A

Sympathetic

58
Q

Adjustments to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissues in response to stimuli

A

Autonomic reflexes

59
Q

All receptors that bind to ACh are referred to as ……receptors

A

Cholinergic

60
Q

Located in the membrane of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia and the membranes of the skeletal muscle cells

A

Nicotinic receptors

61
Q

Muscarinic receptors respond to

A

Acetylcholine

62
Q

What receptor bind epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenergic receptors

63
Q

If the spinal cord was cut, the autonomic nervous system could still control the digestive tract by what are called……

A

Local reflexes

64
Q

Location of nicotinic receptors

A

Skeletal muscle cells

Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia

65
Q

Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons possess ………. Receptors on their cell membranes

A

Muscarinic

66
Q

Muscarinic receptors are located in

A

Effector cells of postganglionic neurons

67
Q

Which division initiates the erection of the penis

A

Parasympathetic

68
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Thoracolumbar area
Originate from between thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

69
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Craniosacral
Sprouts from the base of ur brain and just superior to your tailbone

70
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies that house millions of synapses

71
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

A

Found closer to spinal cord

Like a bat signal

72
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia

A

Found way out from the spine, near per even inside their effector organs

Specific signals like a private conversation

73
Q

What’s the minimum number of neurons in a reflex arch

A

2

74
Q

Which is not an important factor concerning reflexes

A

They involve interaction with the olfactory lobe

75
Q

Ascending tracts relay information

A

From the periphery to the sensory cortex

76
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes include all of the following characteristics except

A

Interneuron pools are contained within one spinal segment

77
Q

What’s reinforced as it pertains to spinal reflexes

A

An enhancement of spinal reflexes due to postsynaptic neurons entering a state of facilitation

78
Q

You’ve just touched a hot stove. What type of reflex did you experience? WhT way was your brain involved in the reflex?

A

Spinal and the brain was not involved

79
Q

A weight lifter is straining to lift 200 kg barbell. Shortly after his muscles relax and he drops it. Which reflex has occurred

A

Tendon reflex

80
Q

During a withdrawal reflex, the limb on the side opposite the stimulus extends. This is called

A

Crossed extensor reflex

81
Q

In the stretch reflex, the receptor stimulated is call …the effector is …..

A

Muscle spindle
Same

82
Q

Reflex responses usually remove or oppose the stimulus

A

Negative feedback

83
Q

These neurons interpret information and coordinate responses

A

Interneurons

84
Q

Gray matter of the spinal cord contains

A

Neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

85
Q

The spinal cord of an adult ends between L1 and L 2.

A

A person with polio has lost his leg muscles. In which area of his spinal cord would you expect the virus infected motor neurons to be

Anterior gray horns

86
Q

What portion of the spinal cord would be damaged by a disease that damages myelin sheaths

A

Columns

87
Q

A pt has damage to several spinal nerves. Which major area of the nervous system has been damaged

A

Peripheral nervous system

88
Q

Site damage to a pt suffering whiplash and loss sensation in left arm and hand

A

C5-T 1

89
Q

Compression of which nerve bothers older ppl on long car rides

A

Sciatic nerve

90
Q

Epidural insertion between which two structures

A

Body of vertebrae and dura mater

91
Q

Suffering nerve damage, difficulty maintaining posture and moving vertebral column. Which component of the nearby spinal nerves has been damaged

A

Dorsal rami

92
Q

Spinal nerves are classified as mixed nerves because

A

They contain both afferent and effererent fibers

93
Q

Three columns of white matter are

A

Ventral, dorsal, and lateral

94
Q

Injury to ………plexus would interfere with the ability to breathe.
This nerve regulate breathing….

A

Cervical
Phrenic

95
Q

Anesthestic blocks the function of the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerve. Which body area is affected

A

Skin and muscles of the back of the neck and shoulders

96
Q

After injuring her back. She exhibits a positive Babinski reflex. What does this imply about the injury?

A

Possible damage to descending tracts in the spinal cord

97
Q

Which term refers to when a post synaptic neuron axon collateral stimulates the pre synaptic neuron

A

Reverberation

Spinal Cord (1 decks)

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