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Small Animal Neurology > Spinal Conditions > Flashcards

Spinal Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

How does an upper motor neurone bladder present?

A

Distended bladder that is difficult to express
(Loss of inhibition of sphincter tone)

Lesion: cranial to the sacral spinal cord

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2
Q

How does a lower motor neurone bladder present?

A

Distended bladder that is constantly over-flowing an dribbling
Only the internal sphincter is working

Lesion: sacral spinal cord and nerves to bladder

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3
Q

How much CSF should you sample in a dog and a cat?

A

1ml in a dog

0.5ml in a cat

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4
Q

What should you analyse on CSF fluid?

A

Total protein
Cell count
Erythrocytes
Bacteria

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5
Q

What segment of the spinal cord LMNs does the withdrawal reflex test on the forelimb?

A

C6 - T2

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6
Q

What section of the spinal cord LMN does the biceps reflex test?

A

C6 - C8

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7
Q

What segment of the spinal cord LMNs does the triceps and extensor carpi radiallis reflex test?

A

C7 - T2

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8
Q

What section of the spinal cord LMNs does the withdrawal reflex test on the pelvic limbs?

A

L6-S1

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9
Q

What section of the spinal cord LMNs doe the patellar reflex test?

A

L4-L6

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10
Q

Basically summarise the diagnostic findings when testing reflexes.

A

Loss of thoracic limb reflexes - lesion C6-T2 - brachial plexus
Loss of pelvic limb reflexes - lesion L4-S3 - lumbosacral plexus

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11
Q

What is the most important prognostic indicator when assessing spinal lesions?

A

Pain perception

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12
Q

Name the intumescences.

A

Cervical intumescence - C6-T2

Lumbosacral intumescence - L4-S3

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13
Q

What would you find with lesions in C1-C5?

A 
Tetra or hemiparesis
Deficits in all 4 or ipsilateral limbs
Normal LMN reflexes
No muscle atrophy and normal muscle tone
Occ horners, respiratory difficulties and urinary retention
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14
Q

What would you find with lesions in C6-T2?

A

Tetraparesis/plegia or hemiparesis/plegia
Reduced muscle tone and muscle atrophy
TL Reflexes absent
Reduced or absent cutaneous trunci reflex (Brachial plexus)
Horners syndrome, urinary retention, respiratory difficulties

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15
Q

What would you find with lesions T3-L3?

A

Paraparesis/plegia
Normal thoracic limbs
Normal spinal reflexes
No muscle atrophy and normal muscle tone
Reduced or absent cutaneous trunci relflexes (T3-L3)
Possibly urinary retention

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16
Q

What would you find with lesions L4-S3?

A 
Paraparesis/plegia 
Reduced PL reflexes
Reduced muscle tone and muscle atrophy
Reduced anal tone and perineal reflexes 
Tail tone and sensation lost in caudal lesions
Urinary retention with cranial lesions
Faecal incontinence with caudal lesions
17
Q

How do motor neuropathies present?

A

Flaccid paralysis
Reduced tone
Muscle atrophy

18
Q

How do sensory neuropathies present?

A

Reduced sensation

Paraesthesia and self mutillation

19
Q

What is an example of a single nerve neuropathy?

A

Trigeminal nerve neoplasia - masticating muscle atrophy

20
Q

What is an example of a neuropathy affecting a group of nerves?

A 
Brachial plexus tumour
Monoparesis and lameness 
Reduced reflexes in the affected limb 
Unilateral cut off at the cutaneous trunci 
Horners syndrome
21
Q

What things may cause a polyneuropathy?

A

Immune mediated
Diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Degenerative disease

22
Q

How will a polyneuropathy present on clinical exam?

A

All reflexes reduced or absent

23
Q

How do junctionopathies present?

A

Paresis - usually progresses throughout the day

24
Q

How do myopathies present?

A

Generalised paresis and exercise intolerance
Stiff gait
Neck ventroflexion

Normal spinal reflexes
No proprioceptive deficits
Variable muscle tone and bulk

25
Q

What neurological problems have a peracute / acute onset?

A

Vascular
Traumatic
Toxic
Idiopathic

26
Q

What neurological problems have a subacute onset?

A

Inflammatory
Infectious
IVDD

27
Q

What neurological problems have a chronic onset?

A 
Inflammatory
Infectious
Degenerative
Neoplastic
Metabolic
Nutritional 
Anomalous
28
Q

What neurological problems are progressive?

A

Neoplasia
Infectious
Inflammatory
Degenerative

29
Q

What neurological problems are static or improving?

A

Vascular
Toxic
Traumatic
Idiopathic

30
Q

What neurological problems are waxing and waning?

A

Metabolic

31
Q

What lesions are painful?

A

Inflammation
Space occupying lesion
Trauma

32
Q

What neurological problems are generally lateralised?

A

Neoplasia

Vascular

33
Q

What neurological problems are generally multifocal?

A

Inflammatory

Infectious

34
Q

Which neurological problems are diffuse and symmetrical?

A

Metabolic

Toxic

35
Q

What are the radiographic signs of IVDD?

A 
Narrowed disk space
Reduced size foramina
Narrowed facet joints 
Chronic endplate changes 
Mineralised material in the vertebral canal 
Dorsal displacement of the disk material
36
Q

What are the two sites that you can perform myelography at?

A

Cisternal puncture - easier, cranial lesions only

Lumbar puncture - safer but more difficult

Small Animal Neurology (9 decks)

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