Spinal Biomechanics: Intro and Cervical Flashcards
Which plane: Sagittal, Frontal, or Transverse?
A. Flexion and extension motions
B. Rotation motions
C. Right and left lateral flexion motions
A. Sagittal
B. Transverse
C. Frontal
Which axis, X Y or Z?
A. line passing horizontally side to side
B. longitudinal axis
C. frontal or coronal axis
D. line passing horizontally front to back
A. X
B. Y
C. X
D. Z
Which axis, X Y or Z?
A. perpendicular to ground
B. movement around it is in transverse/axial plane
C. movement around it is in frontal/coronal plane
D. movement around it is in sagittal plane
A. Y
B. Y
C. Z
D. X
How many degrees of freedom are there? What type of motions do they correspond with?
6 total.
2 for each axis (X, Y, Z) - 1 is rotational, 1 is translational
IAR slide 231
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The smallest spinal segment exhibiting biomechanical characteristics similar to those of the entire spine. Two adjacent vertebrae and their interconnecting disc, joints, capsule, and ligaments
Motion segment
Name the ligaments of a motion segment
Capsular, post. longitudinal, ant. longitudinal, interspinous, intertrasverse
Name the joint in a motion segment
Zygapophyseal
Two motions occurring at the same time along two different axes. One motion cannot be produced without the other.
Coupled motion
Position that joint capsule and ligaments are most relaxed. Halfway between flexion and extension.
Loose-packed joint motion
No joint play. Capsule and ligaments maximally tightened. Maximal contact between articular surfaces. Extension position.
Closed-packed joint motion
What are the regional spinal coupling patterns?
C2-T1, T1-T4, T4-T8,
T8-L1, L1-L4, L4-L5, L5-S1
L1-S1
Regional Range of Motion: Which spinal segment?
A. Highest axial rot., highest flex.-ext., low lat bending
B. Low axial rot., high/mod. flex.-ext., high/mod. lat bend
C. Mod. axial rot., high flex.-ext., high/mod. lat bend
D. Mod. axial rot., low flex.-ext., mod lat. bending
A. Occiput-atlas
B. Lumbar
C. Cervical
D. Thoracic
Which spinal segments?
A. Highest flex.-ext.
B. Highest axial rotation
C. Highest lateral bending
A. Cervical and lumbar
B. Occiput-atlas and upper thoracic
C. Cervical and lumbar
C0-C1 Flexion-extension
Occiput ______ posteriorly (flexion) and ________ anteriorly (extension). Excursion is ____ degrees flexion to ____ degrees extension.
glides, rolls
10 degrees flexion to 25 degrees extension
C0-C1 Lateral Flexion
Occiput _____ on side of lateral flexion and ____ on opposite side. Range of motion is ____ degrees on each side.
Rolls on side of lateral flexion
Glides on opposite side
5 degrees on each side
C0-C1 Rotation
Occiput ____ posteriorly on side of rotation and anteriorly on side opposite rotation. Range of motion is ____ degrees each side.
glides
5 degrees
C0-C1 Ligaments: Alar or Transverse? A. Limits rotation at joint B. Arches from one side of C1 to the other, behind dens C. Connects occiput to dens D. Pulls dens and C1 together
A. Alar
B. Transverse
C. Alar
D. Transverse
C1-C2 Atlas-Axis
What is the orientation of the facets? How does the shape and orientation of the facets affect motion?
Inferior facets of C1 are slightly convex and face inferiorly and medially. Superior facets of C2 are slightly convex?and face superiorly and laterally. For rotation, the facets have to up and over each other.
Atlas-Odontoid joint
_______ joint between odontoid and anterior arch of atlas (C1). ______ ligament courses around posterior aspect of odontoid.
Synovial
Tranverse
C1-C2 Flexion-extension
In flexion, C1 articular surfaces glide ________. In extension, C1 articular surfaces glide ________.
Posteriorly
Anteriorly
C1-C2 Lateral Flexion
Limited active range of motion: ____ degrees each side
Articular surfaces of C1 _____ on articular surfaces of C2 ______ the side of lateral flexion.
5 degrees
glide
toward
C1-C2 Rotation
Accounts for ____% of cervical rotation
C1 rotates around ____ in _____ plane
First ____ % of cervical rotation occurs just at C1-C2
C1 art surface glides ____ on side of rotation and ____ opposite side of rotation.
About half
Dens in transverse plane
25%
posteriorly on the side of rotation; anteriorly on opposite
C2 Flexion-extension
Primarily what type of motion?
Translation
Lower Cervical Biomechanics (C3-C7)
Articular facets at ___ degree angle w/ transverse plane.
Articular facets are _____ in frontal plane.
Shape of articular surface is _____.
45 degree
parallel
nearly flat
Lower Cervical Biomechanics (C3-C7)
Interbody joints are called ______
______ process forms saddle shape to hold disc in place
Form at _____ years, completed by age ___
Limit ______ motion to a few degrees
Joints of Luschka
Uncinate
6-9, 18
Lateral flexion
Lower Cervical Biomechanics
a
Cervical Curve Lordotic curve of \_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_ degrees Begins at C\_\_\_\_ and extends to C\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ planes determine curve \_\_\_\_ary curve develops from having \_\_\_\_\_ posture
20-50 degrees
C1-C7
facet and disc planes
Secondary curve from upright posture
Cervical Disc
Disc height to body ratio ____ allows for greater ROM
Center ______ like a ball bearing
_____ encircle around in layers
_____ fibers run diagonally in alternating layers
2:5 ratio
Nucleus pulposis
Lamellae
Annulus fibrosis
Lower Cervical Flexion-extension
Avg ROM is ____* per segment for combined flex-ext.
____ cervicals have greatest range at ____*
Lowest cervical ROM is __* for ____ and ____ vertebrae
Movement is _____ and _____ combined
15*
Mid-cervicals at 20*
10* C2-C3 and C7-T1
segmental tipping and gliding
Lower Cervical Flexion-extension
Flexion = _____ disc compression; ____ distraction
Extension = ____ disc distraction; ____ compression
Flex = anterior compression; posterior distraction Ext = anterior distraction; posterior compression
Lower Cervical Lateral flexion
Avg lateral flex is _____* each side
Lat flex. decreases as you move ___ along cervical spine
Lateral flex is coupled with ipsilateral ______
7-8*
Caudally
Axial rotation
Lower Cervical Lateral flexion
Inferior facet glides _____ and ______ on the side of lateral flexion
Inferior facet glides ____ and ____ on the side opposite lateral flexion
down and medially
up and laterally
Lower Cervical Rotation
Avg ROM is ___* to each side
Rotation decreases significantly at _____
Mostly _____ coupled with ipsilateral _______
Coupling not as strong as with cervical ______
5*
C7-T1
axial rotation with lateral flexion
lateral flexion
Which cervical joint has the highest degree of rotation? How much?
C1-C2
40 degrees of rotation
Craniocervical Flexion: What type of motion at each?
A. C0-C1
B. C1-C2
C. C2-C7
A. roll forward, slide back
B. pivot forward
C. slide forward
Craniocervical Extension: What type of motion at each?
A. C0-C1
B. C1-C2
C. C2-C7
A. roll back, slide forward
B. pivot back
C. slide back
Craniocervical Lateral Flexion
A. C0-C1
B. C1-C2
C. C2-C7
A. roll opposite side of flexion
B. none
C. slide?
Craniocervical Rotation
A. C0-C1
B. C1-C2
C. C2-C7
A. none
B. slide up and over facets in direction of rotation
C. slide in direction of rotation
