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experiment > Spinal anatomy NBS > Flashcards

Spinal anatomy NBS Flashcards

1
Q

What gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

When the exam says sclerotome, what do you think?

A

Vertebral column

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3
Q

The notochord induces ectoderm to form what?

A

Neuroectoderm

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4
Q

What forms the neural plate?

A

Ectoderm

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5
Q

What forms the neural groove?

A

Neural plate

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6
Q

What does the neural groove house?

A

The spinal cord and brain vesicles

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7
Q

The neural plate develops into what?

A
  • Microglial cells (Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes), Neurons CNS, Ependymal cells, Retinal cells
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8
Q

What forms the lining of the digestive tube and its associated structures?

A

Endoderm epithelium

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9
Q

What does the primitive gut consist of?

A
  • Foregut - Midgut- Hindgut - Allantois
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10
Q

What is included in the foregut?

A
  • Glands buccal cavity - Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Pharyngeal pouches
  • Pharynx
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11
Q

What is included in the midgut?

A
  • Duodenum - Jejunum
  • Appendix
  • Part of Transverse Colon
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12
Q

What is included in the hindgut?

A
  • Part of Transverse Colon - Sigmoid and Descending Colon
  • Rectum
  • Upper anal canal
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13
Q

What is included in the allantois?

A
  • Urinary bladder - Vagina
  • Urethra
  • Prostate
  • Urethral Glands
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14
Q

Somite cells form what?

A
  • Sclerotome - Myotome

- Dermatome

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15
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Filtration or diffusion

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16
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium located?

A

Capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli

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17
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelium?

A

Circulate, move, sweep/clean

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18
Q

Where is ciliated epithelium located?

A

Brain vesicles, oviduct, lungs

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19
Q

What is the function of ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Lining

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20
Q

Where is ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium located?

A

Trachea, Upper respiratory tract

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21
Q

What is the function of nonciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Membrane

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22
Q

Where is nonciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium located?

A

Vas deferens

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23
Q

What is an AKA for branchial arches?

A

Pharyngeal arches

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24
Q

What cranial nerve forms the first branchial arch?

A

Mandibular branch of V (V3)

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25
Q

What cranial nerve forms the second branchial arch?

A

Facial

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26
Q

What cranial nerve forms the third branchial arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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27
Q

What cranial nerve forms the fourth branchial arch?

A

Superior laryngeal of vagus

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28
Q

What cranial nerve forms the sixth branchial arch?

A

Inferior laryngeal of vagus (recurrent branch)

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29
Q

What are the skeletal structures of the first branchial arch?

A
  • Malleus (Merkel’s cartilage) - Incus (Quadrate cartilage)
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30
Q

What are the skeletal structures of the second branchial arch?

A

Stapes, Styloid

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31
Q

What are the skeletal structures of the third branchial arch?

A

Cornu, Hyoid

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32
Q

What are the skeletal structures of the fourth branchial arch?

A
  • Thyroid cartilage - Cricoid cartilage
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33
Q

What are the skeletal structures of the sixth branchial arch?

A
  • Arytenoid cartilage - Corniculate cartilage

- Cuneiform cartilage

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34
Q

What are the muscles of the first branchial arch?

A
  • Muscles of mastication - Jaw closing muscles
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35
Q

What are the muscles of the second branchial arch?

A
  • Muscles of facial expression - Jaw opening muscles
  • Stylohyoid
  • Stapedius
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36
Q

What are the muscles of the third branchial arch?

A

Stylopharyngeus

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37
Q

What are the muscles of the fourth branchial arch?

A
  • Pharyngeal - Cricothyoid

- Levator palatine

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38
Q

What are the muscles of the sixth branchial arch?

A

Laryngeal

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39
Q

The foramen ovale becomes what?

A

Fossa ovalis

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40
Q

The ductus arterioles becomes what?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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41
Q

The ductus venous becomes what?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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42
Q

The umbilical vein becomes what?

A

Ligamentum teres (round ligament)

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43
Q

The umbilical arteries become what?

A

Medial umbilical ligament

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44
Q

The urachus is a remnant of what?

A

Duct of allantois

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45
Q

What gives rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes?

A

Glioblast

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46
Q

What is the most numerous cell of the CNS?

A

Astrocyte

47
Q

What cell forms “scar like” tissue after an injury?

A

Astrocyte

48
Q

What cell forms bart of the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocyte

49
Q

What is the second most numerous cell in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocyte

50
Q

What forms myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocyte

51
Q

What cells line the CNS?

A

Ependymal

52
Q

What cell makes “leaky” barrier between CSF and CNS?

A

Ependymal

53
Q

What is an AKA for microglial cells?

A

Gitterzellen

54
Q

What type of cells are microglial?

A

Phagocytes (macrophage)

55
Q

What makes neurons?

A

Neuroblasts

56
Q

Where are commissural cells located?

A

Between two hemispheres

57
Q

Where are association neurons located?

A

Different parts of the same hemisphere

58
Q

Where are projection neurons located?

A

Lower centers to cerebral cortex

59
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

60
Q

What are the most common type of neuron in the CNS?

A

Multipolar

61
Q

What does gray matter consist of in the CNS?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites

62
Q

What does white matter consist of in the CNS?

A

Myelinated axons

63
Q

Are the ventricles of the brain direct or indirect extensions of the spinal cord?

A

Direct

64
Q

The telencephalon is associated with which CNs?

A

I

65
Q

The diencephalon is associated with which CNs?

A

II

66
Q

The mesencephalon is associated with which CNs?

A

III, IV

67
Q

The metencephalon is associated with which CNs?

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

68
Q

The myelincephalon is associated with which CNs?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

69
Q

What structures are in the telencephalon?

A

Forebrain (higher function)

70
Q

What structures are in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal, retina, mamillary body, posterior pituitary

71
Q

What structures are in the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

72
Q

What structures are in the metencephalon?

A

Pons and Cerebellum

73
Q

What structures are in the myelincephalon?

A

Medulla

74
Q

What neural canal is located in the telencephalon?

A

Lateral ventricles separated by the septum pellucidum

75
Q

What neural canal is located in the diencephalon?

A

Foramen of Monroe (AKA interventricular foramen) = 1st and 2nd to third ventricle

76
Q

What neural canal is located in the mesencephalon?

A

Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

77
Q

What neural canal is located in the metencephalon?

A

4th ventricle

78
Q

What neural canal is located in the myelincephalon?

A

4th ventricle

79
Q

The lateral apertures include what?

A

(2) foramina of Luschka

80
Q

The medial aperture includes what?

A

(1) foramen of Magendie

81
Q

Where is the circle of willis anatomically located?

A

Around the pituitary gland and optic chiasm

82
Q

What supplies the circle of willis?

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

83
Q

What arteries make up the circle in the circle of willis?

A

Anterior and posterior cerebral, anterior and posterior communicating

84
Q

What is the most common location for cerebral vascular accident (CVA = stroke)?

A

Middle cerebral artery

85
Q

The cerebral cortex is developed from what?

A

Neural plate

86
Q

The diencephalon is formed mostly by what?

A

Thalamus

87
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Postural adjustments, steadying, voluntary movements

88
Q

Where is the lesion with Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and ballism?

A

Striatum of the basal ganglia

89
Q

The telencephalon nuclei include what?

A

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, basal ganglia

90
Q

The mesencephalon nuclei include what?

A

Substantia nijgt and subthalamic

91
Q

The corpus striatum (striate body) includes what?

A

The head of the caudate and putamen

92
Q

The lentiform nucleus includes what?

A

Globus pallidus (medial) and putamen (lateral)

93
Q

How much CSF is in a child?

A

140 mL

94
Q

How much CSF is in an adult?

A

270 mL

95
Q

What are the layers of meninges from inside out?

A

Pia, Arachnoid, Dura

96
Q

Epidural spaces are filled with what?

A

Fat and veins

97
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

A

Between the arachnoid and pia

98
Q

Into which area is a lumbar puncture or spinal tap done?

A

Subarachnoid space

99
Q

What is the innermost layer of the neural tube?

A

Ependymal cells

100
Q

What makes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

101
Q

What resorbs CSF?

A

Arachnoid granulations

102
Q

How much CSF is present in the ventricles?

A

25 mL

103
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the body?

A

62 (31 pairs)

104
Q

Doral roots are what?

A

Sensory (Afferent)

105
Q

Ventral roots are what?

A

Motor (Efferent)

106
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

107
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

108
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Roots for lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves through the lumbar cistern

109
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius?

A

CSF exchange between 3rd and 4th ventricle

110
Q

Why is the substantial nigra black?

A

Dopamine from tyrosine, melanin is byproduct

111
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Integration of “momentary” static muscle contraction, joint tension, visual and auditory input regarding equilibrium

112
Q

What is the most common cell in the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje

113
Q

What are the cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral (small to large)?

A

Fastigial, Globus, Emboliform, Dentate

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