Spinal anatomy NBS Flashcards
1
Q
What gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells?
A
Ectoderm
2
Q
When the exam says sclerotome, what do you think?
A
Vertebral column
3
Q
The notochord induces ectoderm to form what?
A
Neuroectoderm
4
Q
What forms the neural plate?
A
Ectoderm
5
Q
What forms the neural groove?
A
Neural plate
6
Q
What does the neural groove house?
A
The spinal cord and brain vesicles
7
Q
The neural plate develops into what?
A
- Microglial cells (Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes), Neurons CNS, Ependymal cells, Retinal cells
8
Q
What forms the lining of the digestive tube and its associated structures?
A
Endoderm epithelium
9
Q
What does the primitive gut consist of?
A
- Foregut - Midgut- Hindgut - Allantois
10
Q
What is included in the foregut?
A
- Glands buccal cavity - Esophagus
- Stomach
- Pharyngeal pouches
- Pharynx
11
Q
What is included in the midgut?
A
- Duodenum - Jejunum
- Appendix
- Part of Transverse Colon
12
Q
What is included in the hindgut?
A
- Part of Transverse Colon - Sigmoid and Descending Colon
- Rectum
- Upper anal canal
13
Q
What is included in the allantois?
A
- Urinary bladder - Vagina
- Urethra
- Prostate
- Urethral Glands
14
Q
Somite cells form what?
A
- Sclerotome - Myotome
- Dermatome
15
Q
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
A
Filtration or diffusion
16
Q
Where is simple squamous epithelium located?
A
Capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli
17
Q
What is the function of ciliated epithelium?
A
Circulate, move, sweep/clean
18
Q
Where is ciliated epithelium located?
A
Brain vesicles, oviduct, lungs
19
Q
What is the function of ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium?
A
Lining
20
Q
Where is ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium located?
A
Trachea, Upper respiratory tract
21
Q
What is the function of nonciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium?
A
Membrane
22
Q
Where is nonciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium located?
A
Vas deferens
23
Q
What is an AKA for branchial arches?
A
Pharyngeal arches
24
Q
What cranial nerve forms the first branchial arch?
A
Mandibular branch of V (V3)
25
What cranial nerve forms the second branchial arch?
Facial
26
What cranial nerve forms the third branchial arch?
Glossopharyngeal
27
What cranial nerve forms the fourth branchial arch?
Superior laryngeal of vagus
28
What cranial nerve forms the sixth branchial arch?
Inferior laryngeal of vagus (recurrent branch)
29
What are the skeletal structures of the first branchial arch?
- Malleus (Merkel's cartilage) - Incus (Quadrate cartilage)
30
What are the skeletal structures of the second branchial arch?
Stapes, Styloid
31
What are the skeletal structures of the third branchial arch?
Cornu, Hyoid
32
What are the skeletal structures of the fourth branchial arch?
- Thyroid cartilage - Cricoid cartilage
33
What are the skeletal structures of the sixth branchial arch?
- Arytenoid cartilage - Corniculate cartilage
| - Cuneiform cartilage
34
What are the muscles of the first branchial arch?
- Muscles of mastication - Jaw closing muscles
35
What are the muscles of the second branchial arch?
- Muscles of facial expression - Jaw opening muscles
- Stylohyoid
- Stapedius
36
What are the muscles of the third branchial arch?
Stylopharyngeus
37
What are the muscles of the fourth branchial arch?
- Pharyngeal - Cricothyoid
| - Levator palatine
38
What are the muscles of the sixth branchial arch?
Laryngeal
39
The foramen ovale becomes what?
Fossa ovalis
40
The ductus arterioles becomes what?
Ligamentum arteriosum
41
The ductus venous becomes what?
Ligamentum venosum
42
The umbilical vein becomes what?
Ligamentum teres (round ligament)
43
The umbilical arteries become what?
Medial umbilical ligament
44
The urachus is a remnant of what?
Duct of allantois
45
What gives rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes?
Glioblast
46
What is the most numerous cell of the CNS?
Astrocyte
47
What cell forms "scar like" tissue after an injury?
Astrocyte
48
What cell forms bart of the blood brain barrier?
Astrocyte
49
What is the second most numerous cell in the CNS?
Oligodendrocyte
50
What forms myelin in the CNS?
Oligodendrocyte
51
What cells line the CNS?
Ependymal
52
What cell makes "leaky" barrier between CSF and CNS?
Ependymal
53
What is an AKA for microglial cells?
Gitterzellen
54
What type of cells are microglial?
Phagocytes (macrophage)
55
What makes neurons?
Neuroblasts
56
Where are commissural cells located?
Between two hemispheres
57
Where are association neurons located?
Different parts of the same hemisphere
58
Where are projection neurons located?
Lower centers to cerebral cortex
59
What makes up the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
60
What are the most common type of neuron in the CNS?
Multipolar
61
What does gray matter consist of in the CNS?
Cell bodies and dendrites
62
What does white matter consist of in the CNS?
Myelinated axons
63
Are the ventricles of the brain direct or indirect extensions of the spinal cord?
Direct
64
The telencephalon is associated with which CNs?
I
65
The diencephalon is associated with which CNs?
II
66
The mesencephalon is associated with which CNs?
III, IV
67
The metencephalon is associated with which CNs?
V, VI, VII, VIII
68
The myelincephalon is associated with which CNs?
IX, X, XI, XII
69
What structures are in the telencephalon?
Forebrain (higher function)
70
What structures are in the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal, retina, mamillary body, posterior pituitary
71
What structures are in the mesencephalon?
Midbrain
72
What structures are in the metencephalon?
Pons and Cerebellum
73
What structures are in the myelincephalon?
Medulla
74
What neural canal is located in the telencephalon?
Lateral ventricles separated by the septum pellucidum
75
What neural canal is located in the diencephalon?
Foramen of Monroe (AKA interventricular foramen) = 1st and 2nd to third ventricle
76
What neural canal is located in the mesencephalon?
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
77
What neural canal is located in the metencephalon?
4th ventricle
78
What neural canal is located in the myelincephalon?
4th ventricle
79
The lateral apertures include what?
(2) foramina of Luschka
80
The medial aperture includes what?
(1) foramen of Magendie
81
Where is the circle of willis anatomically located?
Around the pituitary gland and optic chiasm
82
What supplies the circle of willis?
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
83
What arteries make up the circle in the circle of willis?
Anterior and posterior cerebral, anterior and posterior communicating
84
What is the most common location for cerebral vascular accident (CVA = stroke)?
Middle cerebral artery
85
The cerebral cortex is developed from what?
Neural plate
86
The diencephalon is formed mostly by what?
Thalamus
87
What is the role of the basal ganglia?
Postural adjustments, steadying, voluntary movements
88
Where is the lesion with Parkinson's, Huntington's, and ballism?
Striatum of the basal ganglia
89
The telencephalon nuclei include what?
Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, basal ganglia
90
The mesencephalon nuclei include what?
Substantia nijgt and subthalamic
91
The corpus striatum (striate body) includes what?
The head of the caudate and putamen
92
The lentiform nucleus includes what?
Globus pallidus (medial) and putamen (lateral)
93
How much CSF is in a child?
140 mL
94
How much CSF is in an adult?
270 mL
95
What are the layers of meninges from inside out?
Pia, Arachnoid, Dura
96
Epidural spaces are filled with what?
Fat and veins
97
Where is the subarachnoid space located?
Between the arachnoid and pia
98
Into which area is a lumbar puncture or spinal tap done?
Subarachnoid space
99
What is the innermost layer of the neural tube?
Ependymal cells
100
What makes CSF?
Choroid plexus
101
What resorbs CSF?
Arachnoid granulations
102
How much CSF is present in the ventricles?
25 mL
103
How many spinal nerves are in the body?
62 (31 pairs)
104
Doral roots are what?
Sensory (Afferent)
105
Ventral roots are what?
Motor (Efferent)
106
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1/L2
107
What is the end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
108
What is the cauda equina?
Roots for lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves through the lumbar cistern
109
Where is the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius?
CSF exchange between 3rd and 4th ventricle
110
Why is the substantial nigra black?
Dopamine from tyrosine, melanin is byproduct
111
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Integration of "momentary" static muscle contraction, joint tension, visual and auditory input regarding equilibrium
112
What is the most common cell in the cerebellum?
Purkinje
113
What are the cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral (small to large)?
Fastigial, Globus, Emboliform, Dentate
